Last minute review!!!

[Mstoothlady2012]

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I thought of opening a thread for the people taking test this week! ofcourse all SDNers are welcome to read as well... Lets post topics must to know in form of questions or just listing important things. I will start...

Bio - hormones (peptide or steroid)
- hindbrain, forebrain, midbrain
- medulla, hypothalamus, cerebrum, cerebellum - what do they control?
- menstruation cycle
- animal behavior (habituation, FAP, classical & operant learning- there are
more just cnt remember)
- ecology ahh - spaciation, darwin, lamarck, genetic equilibrium,
homologus & analogous structures
- Diversity -Kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Plants, Animals, Fungi
- what differentiates vertebrates from invertebrates?
- transcription & translation
- genetic disease - Hemophilia, sickle cell, colorblind many more...
- meiosis & mitosis (differences in terms of synapses, homologous chr etc)

Gchem - solubility rules
- memorize your formulas
- ionic equations
- molarity, molality, molecular & empirical formulas, polar/ nonpolar,
- Ksp & K - 2 different things
- Rate order - how to determine?
- half life
- get pressure, volume & temerature relationship straight
- delta s, delta g, delta H - know each of them & their equation
- spontaneous/nonspontaneous


Ochem - Roadmaps
- SN1, SN2, E1, E2 (know every single detail about them)
- sugars (L/D, alpha or beta, fischer, R/S)
- sterioisomers, enantiomers, diasteriomers, conformational, structural
- EDG - phenyl, methyl, NHCOCH3, NH2, & substituents starting with
O - O/P director, makes the ring basic...among these NH2 is the
most reactive - inductive & resonance effect? stable carbocation?
- EWG (Meta deactivator)- NR3, NO2, CN, and all substituents
starting with carbonyl carbon - deactivates the ring..makes it
more acidic - among these NR3 is the least reactive - inductive
and resonance effect? stable carbocation?
- EWG (O/P deactivator) - halogens - F is the most reactive -
inductive & resonance effect? stable carbocation?
- electrophilic addition & susbtitution
- nucleophilic addition & substitution
- radical
- IR (know gen. absorption - alcohol 3400, carbonyl 1700 ...more?)
- NMR - splitting, parent & base peak?
-F to C? C to F? C to K (lol I am sur eyou can do that 😀)

QR - trig functions - radian to degree & vice versa - know trig circle
- rest of your formulas
- probability equations
- Y intercept?
- parallel & perpendicular lines - their slopes
- distance? midpoint?
- SI units conversion - gallon --> pints --> quarts --> ounces
- mile --> km --> feet
- feet --> inches --->yards
- quadratic equation
- area, volume, perimeter

Hope this helps... I know I am missing alot so add in!! so that people can review & dont miss anything important!!

THanks!! good luck everyone!

 

[Lonely Sol]

Hey, DO you mind elabroating on the inductive effect?

 

[jigabodo]

Know lab techniques! 2 questions about that showed up on my DAT.
-Photobleaching
-Analysis of gels, including SDS PAGE/Agarose gel electrophoresis, try to understand how to read sample gel problems.
-FLIP/FRAP.

 

[lopkiu]

we need to memorize SI unit conversion too?

 

[Mstoothlady2012]

we need to memorize SI unit conversion too?

yes ...the basic ones like I mentioned

 

[Mstoothlady2012]

Know lab techniques! 2 questions about that showed up on my DAT.
-Photobleaching
-Analysis of gels, including SDS PAGE/Agarose gel electrophoresis, try to understand how to read sample gel problems.
-FLIP/FRAP.

yea i didnt study those...most prob i will miss those questions

 

[Mstoothlady2012]

Hey, DO you mind elabroating on the inductive effect?

inductive effect -is a way that the substituents affect the ring by either withdrawing or donating electrons thru sigma bond which is due to their electronegativity/polarity

 

[Jo07]

What is the deal with NMR and figuring out the peaks?

 

[Mstoothlady2012]

What is the deal with NMR and figuring out the peaks?

oh! sorry my bad i mixed it up with mass spec....lol i remembered it from my orgo class...i dont think we need to know it for DAT though sorry!😀

 

[jigabodo]

I think you should have some general knowledge on the cellular metabolism as well...

e.g,
whats the last step of glycolysis?
where does pyruvate decarbolxylation occur?
where does beta oxidation occur?

 

[Mstoothlady2012]

Know lab techniques! 2 questions about that showed up on my DAT.
-Photobleaching
-Analysis of gels, including SDS PAGE/Agarose gel electrophoresis, try to understand how to read sample gel problems.
-FLIP/FRAP.

are you talking about how DNA run towards positive charge & shorter fragments will be faster than the long ones...hmm or am i thinking of something else?

Also can you please describe photobleaching & FLIP/FLAP
THanks!

 

[Mstoothlady2012]

I think you should have some general knowledge on the cellular metabolism as well...

e.g,
whats the last step of glycolysis?
where does pyruvate decarbolxylation occur?
where does beta oxidation occur?

oh yea completely forgot about those! I have always hated cellular respiration & photosynthesis ahh!!

- 2 pyruvates are formed rite?
- krebs cycle?? not sure
- no clue

 

[jigabodo]

are you talking about how DNA run towards positive charge & shorter fragments will be faster than the long ones...hmm or am i thinking of something else?

Also can you please describe photobleaching & FLIP/FLAP
THanks!

You are right. But remember that Agarose gel electrophoresis is for DNA, and SDS PAGE is for separation of proteins, but fundamentally they use the same concept as you have explained.

I will give it a try for photobleaching, but its been awhile since I took my cell bio lab so I am kinda hazy on that..

FRAP stands for flouresence recovery after photobleaching. It is often used as an indicator to measure the degree of interaction between organelles.

For example, if you have engineered a strain of yeast to, say make their mito have fluorescent propoerties, you can then use FRAP/FLIp to see the degree of interactions between the the fluorescent mito and the surroundings.

Remember, fluorescent molecules are defined as something that would receive wavelength at certain nm, and then emit wavlength at another nm, e.g. if you shine blue light and only blue light at them, they will emit green light.

But lets say if you shine some wavelength that is very intense, it may results in burning of the fluorescent molecules so that they no longer work anymore, and that is known as photobleaching.

In dynamic environment, such as living cells, lets say you concentrate some really high intensity of light and burn out some region of the fluororescent mito, after time the OTHER unphotobleached molecules that are still capable of fluorescence may diffuse into the photobleached area and then the the original burned out/bleached area may begin to fluoresce again.

By measuring the recovery time of photobleaching, you can then see if the inteactions of the region of interest is dynamic or not.

Sorry, I know this is not very good, please feel free to ask me if you have any more questions.

 

[Mstoothlady2012]

You are right. But remember that Agarose gel electrophoresis is for DNA, and SDS PAGE is for separation of proteins, but fundamentally they use the same concept as you have explained.

I will give it a try for photobleaching, but its been awhile since I took my cell bio lab so I am kinda hazy on that..

FRAP stands for flouresence recovery after photobleaching. It is often used as an indicator to measure the degree of interaction between organelles.

For example, if you have engineered a strain of yeast to, say make their mito have fluorescent propoerties, you can then use FRAP/FLIp to see the degree of interactions between the the fluorescent mito and the surroundings.

Remember, fluorescent molecules are defined as something that would receive wavelength at certain nm, and then emit wavlength at another nm, e.g. if you shine blue light and only blue light at them, they will emit green light.

But lets say if you shine some wavelength that is very intense, it may results in burning of the fluorescent molecules so that they no longer work anymore, and that is known as photobleaching.

In dynamic environment, such as living cells, lets say you concentrate some really high intensity of light and burn out some region of the fluororescent mito, after time the OTHER unphotobleached molecules that are still capable of fluorescence may diffuse into the photobleached area and then the the original burned out/bleached area may begin to fluoresce again.

By measuring the recovery time of photobleaching, you can then see if the inteactions of the region of interest is dynamic or not.

Sorry, I know this is not very good, please feel free to ask me if you have any more questions.

wow...no that was actually really good explaination dont be sorry. Thanks alot for taking time out for me & typing this...i appreciate it!

 

[jigabodo]

oh yea completely forgot about those! I have always hated cellular respiration & photosynthesis ahh!!

- 2 pyruvates are formed rite?
- krebs cycle?? not sure
- no clue

1. yes, 2 pvu are formed from 2 pep.
2. pvu decarb and beta oxidation both occur in the mito.

 

[futuredentist07]

oh yea completely forgot about those! I have always hated cellular respiration & photosynthesis ahh!!

- 2 pyruvates are formed rite?
- krebs cycle?? not sure
- no clue

glycolysis = 2 pyr formed

krebs cycle= 2 turns equal 1 glu...you need fatty acids to combine wid acetyl-COA..that starts the whole process...citrate is the first intermediate. products are GTP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 CO2..btw this is the only process that occurs in the aerobic form.

 

[jigabodo]

glycolysis = 2 pyr formed

krebs cycle= 2 turns equal 1 glu...you need fatty acids to combine wid acetyl-COA..that starts the whole process...citrate is the first intermediate. products are GTP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 CO2..btw this is the only process that occurs in the aerobic form.

I think the 6 carbon citrate intermediate is actually formed by combination of OAA (4C) and Acetyl-Coa (2C)..but I could be wrong...

 

[Mstoothlady2012]

1. yes, 2 pvu are formed from 2 pep.
2. pvu decarb and beta oxidation both occur in the mito.

so they both are processes of krebs cycle right? sorry i am really weak at that

 

[Mstoothlady2012]

I think the 6 carbon citrate intermediate is actually formed by combination of OAA (4C) and Acetyl-Coa (2C)..but I could be wrong...

yea it is OAA & CoA

 

[jigabodo]

so they both are processes of krebs cycle right? sorry i am really weak at that

Both are not part of the kreb cycle.
pvu decarb is the process that occurs right after glycolysis but before kreb cycle, to convert 3c pvu to 2c acetly Coa, making NADH and releasing a CO2. This is one of the major ways how acetyl coa form so that they can go on and do the kreb cycle.

beta oxidation is the successive oxidation which turn fatty acids into acetyl coa, each round of beta ox 1 nadh and 1 fadh2 is released for saturated FA, and the chain of FA also shortens by 2C. Remember that fatty acids need to be activated before hand, which requires 2 ATP.

 

[Lonely Sol]

Both are not part of the kreb cycle.
pvu decarb is the process that occurs right after glycolysis but before kreb cycle, to convert 3c pvu to 2c acetly Coa, making NADH and releasing a CO2. This is one of the major ways how acetyl coa form so that they can go on and do the kreb cycle.

beta oxidation is the successive oxidation which turn fatty acids into acetyl coa, each round of beta ox 1 nadh and 1 fadh2 is released for saturated FA, and the chain of FA also shortens by 2C. Remember that fatty acids need to be activated before hand, which requires 2 ATP.

Just to add:

fatty acids are activated in the cytoplasm!
Also, I thought B-oxidation only produces NADH, does it produce FADH2 too?

Also, FRAP: How does the technique relate to the relative quickness of eluteness of lets say fatty acids or proteins.

Also SDS PAGE denature the protein, right? Which one doesn't denature it?

 

[Mstoothlady2012]

how can you all remember all these numbers! i always mix them up...m freaking out now...how can you remember which cycle makes how many ATP ..what happens where....

 

[Mstoothlady2012]

Both are not part of the kreb cycle.
pvu decarb is the process that occurs right after glycolysis but before kreb cycle, to convert 3c pvu to 2c acetly Coa, making NADH and releasing a CO2. This is one of the major ways how acetyl coa form so that they can go on and do the kreb cycle.

beta oxidation is the successive oxidation which turn fatty acids into acetyl coa, each round of beta ox 1 nadh and 1 fadh2 is released for saturated FA, and the chain of FA also shortens by 2C. Remember that fatty acids need to be activated before hand, which requires 2 ATP.

so they both occur in between glycolysis and krebs cycle in the mitochondria?

 

[jigabodo]

Just to add:

fatty acids are activated in the cytoplasm!
Also, I thought B-oxidation only produces NADH, does it produce FADH2 too?

Also, FRAP: How does the technique relate to the relative quickness of eluteness of lets say fatty acids or proteins.

Also SDS PAGE denature the protein, right? Which one doesn't denature it?

1. one round of beta oxidation of sat. FA will yield 1 NADH and 1 FADH2.
2. Regarding FRAP...I have no idea...
3. SDS PAGE does denature the protein into primary strucutures. If you dont want the protein to be denatured, you can use non-denaturing techniques for protein as well (I want to say BLUE Native PAGE? But i am not sure) but I dont think DAT will be THAT crazy.

 

[jigabodo]

so they both occur in between glycolysis and krebs cycle in the mitochondria?

pvu decarb occurs between glycolysis and kreb. Beta oxidation is on its own and has no correlation with kreb cycle really. Beta oxidation is essentially a way to break down fats into units of acetyl coa usually under condititions where glycogen storage are depleted. By making acetyl coa, metabolism is able to continue and therefore the body can function properly.

I could be wrong, please correct me if i am wrong.

 

[jigabodo]

how can you all remember all these numbers! i always mix them up...m freaking out now...how can you remember which cycle makes how many ATP ..what happens where....

Don't worry about it too much and just relax. You should be fine. The questions that I encountered regarding metabolism on actual DAT are not that difficult. Just make sure you know the basic and you should be fine.

 

[Jo07]

On the ADA sheet it says that HNMR and CNMR are on there. well, fair game. Can anyone elaborate on those?

Also, What is a good source to study math from? Is Kaplan sufficient?

 

[Mstoothlady2012]

Don't worry about it too much and just relax. You should be fine. The questions that I encountered regarding metabolism on actual DAT are not that difficult. Just make sure you know the basic and you should be fine.

oh god as the time gets closer I am getting more & more nervouss oh boy!!!

 

[Jo07]

Hey toothlady,

I remember a couple of weeks ago Fancymylotus or amsie posted some old thread that had all these bio questions for review. try searching that 🙂

 

[Lonely Sol]

What is the difference between carotenes and cartenoids. Where are they found and are they lipid or peptide?

Is Chlorophy A an accessory pigment?

 

[jigabodo]

On the ADA sheet it says that HNMR and CNMR are on there. well, fair game. Can anyone elaborate on those?

Also, What is a good source to study math from? Is Kaplan sufficient?

I think Kaplan QR subject tests are the hardest, and also most helpful. Try to get ur hands on that if you can. I had to do those damn QR untimed + use calculator and my avg. on those are still like a 70%...

As for HNMR...
1. Deshielded hydrogens are downfield, aka more to the left, usually as a result of their electrons being pulled away by electron clouds or more electrnegative atoms. e.g. elements such as I,Cl, double bonds and benzene are all have deshielded hydrogens.

2. The area directly under the peak represents the number/ratio of that specific type of hydrogen. For example, propane will have 2 peaks, one that is 3 times larger/taller in terms of area.

4. The splitting pattern for individual peaks represents the number of adjacent protons, and follows the n+1 rule. e.g. in the case of propane, the larger peak, corresponding to 6H will show a splitting pattern of triplet. because they have 2 adjacent H. The smaller peak, correspond to CH2, will show a pattern of seplet as a result of 6 adjacent H.

5. Same type of protons will not split among themselves.

Hope this helps!

 

[Mstoothlady2012]

Hey toothlady,

I remember a couple of weeks ago Fancymylotus or amsie posted some old thread that had all these bio questions for review. try searching that 🙂

Thanks! i found this site...its pretty nice

http://forums.studentdoctor.net/showthread.php?t=204049&highlight=biology+questions

 

[smarterray]

What is the difference between carotenes and cartenoids. Where are they found and are they lipid or peptide?

Is Chlorophy A an accessory pigment?

No, Chlorophyll A is the pigment that does pretty much all of the work of absorbing light and is found in all photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae). Chlorophyll B, carotenoids, and all that other stuff are "accessory" pigments. The type of accessory pigment may vary between organisms (especially amongst algae).

According to Wikipedia, carotenes are a class of carotenoid. As such, carotenoids are split into two classes: xanthophylls and carotenes.

 

[smarterray]

I think Kaplan QR subject tests are the hardest, and also most helpful. Try to get ur hands on that if you can. I had to do those damn QR untimed + use calculator and my avg. on those are still like a 70%...

As for HNMR...
1. Deshielded hydrogens are downfield, aka more to the left, usually as a result of their electrons being pulled away by electron clouds or more electrnegative atoms. e.g. elements such as I,Cl, double bonds and benzene are all have deshielded hydrogens.

2. The area directly under the peak represents the number/ratio of that specific type of hydrogen. For example, propane will have 2 peaks, one that is 3 times larger/taller in terms of area.

4. The splitting pattern for individual peaks represents the number of adjacent protons, and follows the n+1 rule. e.g. in the case of propane, the larger peak, corresponding to 6H will show a splitting pattern of triplet. because they have 2 adjacent H. The smaller peak, correspond to CH2, will show a pattern of seplet as a result of 6 adjacent H.

5. Same type of protons will not split among themselves.

Hope this helps!

Does seplet mean "six-let"?

 

[Jo07]

Differences between Meiosis and mitosis
(main difference is in Prophase I--is this correct?)

Know all the steps and what happens in PMAT

Fungi are eukaryotes and have a cell wall, haploid stage predominates

All the hormones and reproductive stuff...what does LH, FSH, ect do and what increases and decreases , and when.

plant hormones:

which makes fruit ripen? plant bend toward light, and why? why is the air above the mountains bluish?

4 types of Islet of langerhans cells:
B cells, Alpha, delta, PP cells... what do they do?

 

[Mstoothlady2012]

eosinophils & basophils both produce histamine right?

 

[jigabodo]

Does seplet mean "six-let"?

I am trying to say 7 splits, because of the N+1 rule, so 6 adjacent proton will give you 7 splits.

 

[smarterray]

I am trying to say 7 splits, because of the N+1 rule, so 6 adjacent proton will give you 7 splits.

Oh, I drew out BUTANE...no wonder I was thinking "um, shouldn't the -CH2- be a sixtet?" Nevermind! You're right.

 

[smarterray]

eosinophils & basophils both produce histamine right?

Basophils and mast cells secrete histamine. Eosinophils secrete enzymes and other goodies to kill invaders from the outside, I believe (I just read up on this past weekend). I'll check again later.

 

[Lonely Sol]

Basophils and mast cells secrete histamine. Eosinophils secrete enzymes and other goodies to kill invaders from the outside, I believe (I just read up on this past weekend). I'll check again later.

You are right about Basophiles and mast cells (you should also know that mast cells are stimulated to produce histamines by IgE). Eosinophiles are primarily used when you are have parasitic infection or allergies.

Also, what is PP cells in islet of Langehans?

 

[Jo07]

PP Cells are pancreatic peptide cells that inhibit exocrine processes. The delta cells are somatostatin that inhibit endocrine processes.

Ugh I'm still really confused about this NMR. Helllllp??

 

[2bhumika]

Hi, am taking DAT exactly in a week. I had a long break from school, about 3 years, due to my son's birth. And i have forgotten a lot of stuff. I just want to take the test and get started. Can u give me some advice..should i cram everything in this week. or delay it. What should i focus on more. My weekness is chemistry. I have never done PA before, but seems like i m doing well on those. but, others i m not sure. i just need someone to hit me with reality.

 

[jigabodo]

PP Cells are pancreatic peptide cells that inhibit exocrine processes. The delta cells are somatostatin that inhibit endocrine processes.

Ugh I'm still really confused about this NMR. Helllllp??

I think the best way to learn is via examples.

For example, consider the HNMR for ethane.

1, look at how many hydrogens are there total? 6.
2. how many different types of hydrogen are there? 1. Because there are all the time.

As a result, you will only see one peak without splitting.

Consider HNMR of propane.

1. There are 8 hydrogens total.
2. There are 2 types of different hydrogen, 2 groups of CH3, so 6 hydrogens and 1 group of CH2, which is 2 hydrogens. This means that there will be 2 peaks, and the area represented by them are 3:1 (From 6:2)
3. Now lets talking about splitting. The 6 hydrogens from 2 CH3 have 2 adjacent H from CH2, so the bigger peak, representing the 6 H will be triplet due to n+1 rule. The smaller area, coresponding to the CH2, will be splitted to 7 because there are 6 neighboring hydrogens.

 

[saaz55]

know the steps in glycolysis.

 

[jigabodo]

Hi, am taking DAT exactly in a week. I had a long break from school, about 3 years, due to my son's birth. And i have forgotten a lot of stuff. I just want to take the test and get started. Can u give me some advice..should i cram everything in this week. or delay it. What should i focus on more. My weekness is chemistry. I have never done PA before, but seems like i m doing well on those. but, others i m not sure. i just need someone to hit me with reality.

You should delay it. Imo, in order to do well on DAT, you probably need at least 6 weeks of intensive study where you spend ~6 hr a day to get a 20/20 on DAT, which should be a good enough score to get you into some dental school granted you have an alrite GPA (3.3-3.4ish)

Try to take the sample DAT on the ADA website and see where you stand first. keep in mind though, the sample DAT is easier than the actual, but you should get an idea of what the test is like and your weakness is and start from that.

Hope it helps!

 

[shoombol tallah]

Hey Jo07 can you elaborate on this question ..... "why is the air above the mountains bluish?" I have no idea where to start looking for the answer. thanks

 

[2bhumika]

i tried the sample test, paper version from ADA. i went wayyyyy over my time. thas one thing, speed...i need to work on big time. sample i did best on the PA. others i know i need to go thru every word again.

if i am applying to get in 2008, when would be the latest i can take the test, considering just incase if i don't do well, the first time. so if i delay i know how far i can.

and being a mom of a 2 year old boy....my time is so limited and divided and so is my mind. what is the best i can focus on to study, so it is will prepare me faster and no waste of time..right now i m studying from kaplan book and also i got the DAT secret book from online.

(thank u jigabodo)

 

[jigabodo]

i tried the sample test, paper version from ADA. i went wayyyyy over my time. thas one thing, speed...i need to work on big time. sample i did best on the PA. others i know i need to go thru every word again.

if i am applying to get in 2008, when would be the latest i can take the test, considering just incase if i don't do well, the first time. so if i delay i know how far i can.

and being a mom of a 2 year old boy....my time is so limited and divided and so is my mind. what is the best i can focus on to study, so it is will prepare me faster and no waste of time..right now i m studying from kaplan book and also i got the DAT secret book from online.

(thank u jigabodo)

If you want to apply for this current cycle, you should really start working on your app right now and taking the DAT asap as well because I think now is considered somewhat "late" for applying for the current cycle.

I would say really try to put everything together as fast as possible, start preparing for the DAT and take it no later than september.

Hope it helps!

 

[2bhumika]

..i guess i will study as best as i can this week and see where i stand, if not i will delay to next month.

if any advice on what to focus on the most...

thank u for replying so fast.

 

[JMJRDH1]

..i guess i will study as best as i can this week and see where i stand, if not i will delay to next month.

if any advice on what to focus on the most...

thank u for replying so fast.

This link has all of the study habits of Dat takers who scored 20+

http://forums.studentdoctor.net/showthread.php?t=60977

Good Luck!