Lets discuss questions of NBDE 1

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1). .Which angle does a P Wave makes on ECG?
a). .45 degree
b). .180 degree
c). .0 degree
d). .-45 degree
e). .-180 degree.

2). .What is endogenous cholesterol? Most endogenous cholesterol is converted to?
a). .Glucose
b). .Cholic acid
c). .Steroid
d). .Oxaloacetete
e). .Ketone bodies

3). .Which of the following statement is correct regarding Glioblastoma multiforme?
a). .the tumor is most common before puberty
b). .it is classified as a type of meningioma
c). .it is most common type of Astrocytoma.
d). .Its prognosis is generally more favourablethan Grade 1 astrocytoma.
e). .It is derived from the epithelial lining of ventricles

4). .Which of the following pathological changes is irreversible?
a). .fatty changes in liver cells
b). .karyolysis in myocardial cells
c). .glycogen deposition in hepatocyte nuclei
d). .hydropic vacuolization of renal tubular epithelial cells.

5). .An example of Synergism is the effect of?
a). .insulin and glucagon on blood glucose
b). .estrogen and progesterone on uterine motility
c). .growth hormone and thyroxine on skeletal growth.
d). .Antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone on potassium excretion.
 
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Well, all I understood from this question is that it is saying about oblique ridge. rest i do not understand anything in this.

bratdoc, can u explain more if u have time.


deck said:
A broad, flat facet existing on the outer aspect of the mesiolingual cusp of a maxillary first molar, and running in a mesiolingual to distofacial direction, was probably caused by which of the following contacting movements?
A) Lateral protrusive
B) Working
C) Non-working
D) Protrusive

What does that mean run in the ML and DF?? Does it mean cusp of ML of max molar or mand molar 😕

could anyone help me....My exam will be in 2 weeks >< Thanks
Click to expand...
 
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teethie said:
@anniemirza, i could not find it in decks 2010.
hope u r not confusing it with shingles.

@drdds3: u r asking about shigella right...

I was refering to shingles. I guess drdds3 was asking abt shingles only and not shigella boz shingles is the one dat is related 2 da nervous system whereas shigella is a bacteria found in intestinal diseases.
Hope iam rt 😛
Click to expand...
 
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bratdoc said:
This is one of those regular Working/Non-working movement questions... it is just that the language is a bit twisted and there is no diagram to confuse you... While doing this question just make a rough image in your mind of a maxillary arch and then follow the direction which they are trying to tell you... the facet is caused by the movement of the mandibular cusp though... so on the Maxillary arch image just make an arrow of the direction where the mandibular cusp will move ..... it is the same question but in different words!
Click to expand...



Does that mean the moving for mandibular move from mesiolingual to distofacial?? Thanks so much!!!!😍
 
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teethie said:
Well, all I understood from this question is that it is saying about oblique ridge. rest i do not understand anything in this.

bratdoc, can u explain more if u have time.
Click to expand...

Well i guess u can look at it this way that since the facet is on the outer aspect of the Mesiolingual cusp The facet is on the FOA(Functional Outer Aspect)... and contact to FOA during movement can only be made on the Working side.... Hence the answer... hope it is easier to understand this time!
 
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thanks a lot bratdoc👍


bratdoc said:
Well i guess u can look at it this way that since the facet is on the outer aspect of the Mesiolingual cusp The facet is on the FOA(Functional Outer Aspect)... and contact to FOA during movement can only be made on the Working side.... Hence the answer... hope it is easier to understand this time!
Click to expand...
 
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how do u know that drdds3 was asking about shingles not shigella?
did drdds3 post anywhere like that😕



anniemirza said:
I was refering to shingles. I guess drdds3 was asking abt shingles only and not shigella boz shingles is the one dat is related 2 da nervous system whereas shigella is a bacteria found in intestinal diseases..
Hope iam rt 😛
Click to expand...
 
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answer please??

Destruction of left spinocerebellar tract at T2 results in loss of positional sense on
1) rt side of body above t2
2)below T2
3)lt side of body above T2
4)below T2
 
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teethie said:
answer please??

Destruction of left spinocerebellar tract at T2 results in loss of positional sense on
1) rt side of body above t2
2)below T2
3)lt side of body above T2
4)below T2
Click to expand...

thanks all for the answer,
teethie i think it's same side and below t2
correct me if i'm wrong, cause spinocerebellar doesn't cross.
 
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Which of following differentiate from mandibular premolar from max oremolar? Mandibular premolar
b. have lingual cusp less developed..I think this is ans
c. have crown tilt facial...why not lingual

Thanks a lot!!!!
 
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butterfly22 said:
hi...canu plz explain why cant it be above T2..
thanks
Click to expand...

Because this is an ascending tract that is why i think that destruction at T2 will cause the information to reach from lower part upto t2 but not go up due to destruction.... plz correct me if i am wrong!
 
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bratdoc said:
Because this is an ascending tract that is why i think that destruction at T2 will cause the information to reach from lower part upto t2 but not go up due to destruction.... plz correct me if i am wrong!
Click to expand...

Bratdoc...check out this link..acc to this dont u think that damage at T2 will affect region above..coz of the innervation of T2
...http://www.webmanmed.com/spinalnrv_files/thoracic.html

i'm confused so i might be wrong...
 
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u r right there is error in this question.

deck said:
Which of following differentiate from mandibular premolar from max oremolar? Mandibular premolar
b. have lingual cusp less developed..I think this is ans
c. have crown tilt facial...why not lingual-----should have been tilted to lingual.

Thanks a lot!!!!
Click to expand...
 
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Chronotropic effects (from chrono-, meaning time) are those that change the heart rate.
Chronotropic drugs may change the heart rate by affecting the nerves controlling the heart, or by changing the rhythm produced by the sinoatrial node. Positive chronotropes increase heart rate; negative chronotropes decrease heart rate.
A dromotrope affects Atrioventricular node (AV node) conduction. A positive dromotrope increases AV nodal conduction, and a negative dromotrope decreases AV nodal conduction. A lusitrope is an agent that affects diastolic relaxation.
Many positive inotropes affect preload and afterload.

REF: Wiki
 
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elmos said:
what's the effect on chonotrope when there's a decrease in end systolic volume?
can anyone explain pls
Click to expand...
cindrella read deck no 175 .here's what i understand
end systolic volume is the volume at the end of ventricular contraction .
this volume is dependent upon 2 factors
1 afterload ......Afterload can also be described as the pressure that the chambers of the heart have to generate in order to eject blood out of the heart
2 contractility
the ques is asking how heart rate will be affected wen end systolic volume decreases.

i think if ESV is decresed because contractility is up so heart rate should go up too so there should be positive chronotropic effect.
but i'm not very sure if this is the concept.will wait to hear frm others
plz make corrections .

another doubt ....
is preload and afterload both dependent on the length of the cardiomyocyte????
 
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elmos said:
what's the effect on chonotrope when there's a decrease in end systolic volume?
can anyone explain pls
Click to expand...

First lets make it clear what "DECREASE in End systolic Volume" means... basically end systolic volume is the volume of blood which remains in the ventricle AFTER a systole...so a DECREASE in this volume means a greater Stroke volume(SV) ejected.... So Stroke volume depends on two factors:
1. End diastolic volume (EDV)
2. End systolic volume (ESV)

During rigorous activity there is a demand for increased Cardiac Output(CO)..
CO = HR x SV
initially an increase in CO is done by increasing SV (=increased EDV and decreased ESV)

during the later stages When SV cannot be increased anymore than an increase in HR kicks in (stimulted by positive chronotropy)

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke volume
and since HR increased by +ve Chronotrope
and decreased ESV = increased SV
therefore decreased ESV and Positive Chronotropy causes increased CO

I hope this is what you wanted to know....
Oh and please do tell me if i am wrong or messed up in this explanation:xf:
 
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What arethe contact area (mesial and distal) of maxillary first and second premolar?

One example Q: the contact area on the distal surface of a maxillary first premolar in the ?

if there are only 2 choice, which one is right?
1. middle third of the proximal surface
2.junction of the occlusal and middle third of the proximal surface

😕


 
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makeit said:
What arethe contact area (mesial and distal) of maxillary first and second premolar?

One example Q: the contact area on the distal surface of a maxillary first premolar in the ?

if there are only 2 choice, which one is right?
1. middle third of the proximal surfaceANSWER:xf:
2.junction of the occlusal and middle third of the proximal surface

😕
Click to expand...

...:xf:
 
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makeit said:
What arethe contact area (mesial and distal) of maxillary first and second premolar?

One example Q: the contact area on the distal surface of a maxillary first premolar in the ?

if there are only 2 choice, which one is right?
1. middle third of the proximal surface---ANSWER
2.junction of the occlusal and middle third of the proximal surface

😕
Click to expand...

👍
 
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I completely agree with pb2007 and bratdoc explanation on chronotrpy. there is no doubt or anything wrong in ur explanations. you guys are awesome. such a nice explanation.
just a thought: once u both r done with ur exam, write one book for clearing such fundas🙂.
 
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hey elmos, i did not even explain your question, how did u interpret my score? i felt your question was too hard and the way the two sdners pb2007 and bratdoc explained it, they definitely will score 99.👍👍👍👍

and elmos, if u can think of asking such concepts, man you are not going to score less than 99 too.👍👍👍👍


elmos said:
thanks bratdoc for your explanation i think u and teethie will get 99 on the exam😉
Click to expand...
 
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Cindrella said:
Hey bratdoc ...

cud u pls get my concept clear on afterload and preload.. how much ever u r able to explain.. thank u ~~:xf:
Click to expand...

Sorry for the late reply!

Preload is the cardiac muscle cell length before the contraction begins!
Afterload is the load on the heart during ejection of blood from the ventricle

so in simpler terms if the cardiac muscle cell is stretched more(Increased Preload) then greater will be the force of contraction... so how is the cardiac muscle made to stretch more?? by increasing the blood into the heart(this will cause stretching of the cardiac fibres to accomodate more blood).. think of a balloon- greater air u fill into it more the stretch of the balloon and greater the force with which the air comes out of it when released!!
therefore:
Increased Preload(amount of blood in the heart)=Increased CO
Decreased Preload=Decreased CO
Preload is directly proportional to CO

Now for afterload.. take the balloon example again.. when the balloon is filled with air and u firmly press the neck of the balloon(increase resistance)- lesser the amount of air which can come out... as u lessen the pressure on the neck of the balloon or hold it lightly (decrease the resistance)-more air comes out!!.. so think of this neck as the aorta and the rest of the blood vessels! so if their resistance is increased less blood will come out of the heart - lesser the Cardiac output.. that means:
Increased Afterload(increased peripheral resistance)= Decreased CO
Decreased Afterload(decreased peripheral resistance)=Increased CO
Afterload is inversely proportional to CO


i just tried to use the balloon example for better understanding... it may not exactly act in the same way as the heart so dont judge me!😛
 
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teethie said:
hey elmos, i did not even explain your question, how did u interpret my score? i felt your question was too hard and the way the two sdners pb2007 and bratdoc explained it, they definitely will score 99.👍👍👍👍

and elmos, if u can think of asking such concepts, man you are not going to score less than 99 too.👍👍👍👍
Click to expand...

Thank you for the encouragement Elmos and teethie! highly appreciate it! Where you guys even find such questions is beyond me!! Thank you for such insightful questions... helps me also understand much better!
 
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