Lets discuss questions of NBDE 1

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1). .Which angle does a P Wave makes on ECG?
a). .45 degree
b). .180 degree
c). .0 degree
d). .-45 degree
e). .-180 degree.

2). .What is endogenous cholesterol? Most endogenous cholesterol is converted to?
a). .Glucose
b). .Cholic acid
c). .Steroid
d). .Oxaloacetete
e). .Ketone bodies

3). .Which of the following statement is correct regarding Glioblastoma multiforme?
a). .the tumor is most common before puberty
b). .it is classified as a type of meningioma
c). .it is most common type of Astrocytoma.
d). .Its prognosis is generally more favourablethan Grade 1 astrocytoma.
e). .It is derived from the epithelial lining of ventricles

4). .Which of the following pathological changes is irreversible?
a). .fatty changes in liver cells
b). .karyolysis in myocardial cells
c). .glycogen deposition in hepatocyte nuclei
d). .hydropic vacuolization of renal tubular epithelial cells.

5). .An example of Synergism is the effect of?
a). .insulin and glucagon on blood glucose
b). .estrogen and progesterone on uterine motility
c). .growth hormone and thyroxine on skeletal growth.
d). .Antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone on potassium excretion.

 

[butterfly22]

Sorry for the late reply!

Preload is the cardiac muscle cell length before the contraction begins!
Afterload is the load on the heart during ejection of blood from the ventricle

so in simpler terms if the cardiac muscle cell is stretched more(Increased Preload) then greater will be the force of contraction... so how is the cardiac muscle made to stretch more?? by increasing the blood into the heart(this will cause stretching of the cardiac fibres to accomodate more blood).. think of a balloon- greater air u fill into it more the stretch of the balloon and greater the force with which the air comes out of it when released!!
therefore:
Increased Preload(amount of blood in the heart)=Increased CO
Decreased Preload=Decreased CO
Preload is directly proportional to CO

Now for afterload.. take the balloon example again.. when the balloon is filled with air and u firmly press the neck of the balloon(increase resistance)- lesser the amount of air which can come out... as u lessen the pressure on the neck of the balloon or hold it lightly (decrease the resistance)-more air comes out!!.. so think of this neck as the aorta and the rest of the blood vessels! so if their resistance is increased less blood will come out of the heart - lesser the Cardiac output.. that means:
Increased Afterload(increased peripheral resistance)= Decreased CO
Decreased Afterload(decreased peripheral resistance)=Increased CO
Afterload is inversely proportional to CO


i just tried to use the balloon example for better understanding... it may not exactly act in the same way as the heart so dont judge me!😛

wonderful explanation👍👍👍

 

[butterfly22]

...

agree Cindrella..🙂the ans is middle third

 

[teethie]

@bratdoc: again, you rock, the way u expained preload and afterload👍👍

 

[Cindrella]

@ bratdoc Thanks a lot for the awesome explanation...
i agree with teethie... bratdoc and pb2007 should be writin a book 🙂
hats off to all u guys ! 👍

 

[teethie]

cindrella, bratdco, butterfly22: what is your source when u answer middle third ?

makeit, i agree with your answer what is given in wheelers. i also found the same in Kaplan.

What arethe contact area (mesial and distal) of maxillary first and second premolar?

One example Q: the contact area on the distal surface of a maxillary first premolar in the ?

if there are only 2 choice, which one is right?
1. middle third of the proximal surface
2.junction of the occlusal and middle third of the proximal surface--------------------------answer

😕

 

[pb2007]

Sorry for the late reply!

Preload is the cardiac muscle cell length before the contraction begins!
Afterload is the load on the heart during ejection of blood from the ventricle

so in simpler terms if the cardiac muscle cell is stretched more(Increased Preload) then greater will be the force of contraction... so how is the cardiac muscle made to stretch more?? by increasing the blood into the heart(this will cause stretching of the cardiac fibres to accomodate more blood).. think of a balloon- greater air u fill into it more the stretch of the balloon and greater the force with which the air comes out of it when released!!
therefore:
Increased Preload(amount of blood in the heart)=Increased CO
Decreased Preload=Decreased CO
Preload is directly proportional to CO

Now for afterload.. take the balloon example again.. when the balloon is filled with air and u firmly press the neck of the balloon(increase resistance)- lesser the amount of air which can come out... as u lessen the pressure on the neck of the balloon or hold it lightly (decrease the resistance)-more air comes out!!.. so think of this neck as the aorta and the rest of the blood vessels! so if their resistance is increased less blood will come out of the heart - lesser the Cardiac output.. that means:
Increased Afterload(increased peripheral resistance)= Decreased CO
Decreased Afterload(decreased peripheral resistance)=Increased CO
Afterload is inversely proportional to CO


i just tried to use the balloon example for better understanding... it may not exactly act in the same way as the heart so dont judge me!😛

great job ,bratdoc.
found this menomic link whcih seems vry helpful.
http://www.medicalmnemonics.com/pdf/2002_09_full_abr_8x11.pdf

its got nothing to do with above ques,jst liked it so wanted to share with u guys .

 

[teethie]

some important doubts:

if person is hypovolemic, what will happen to kidneys osmolarity, gfr. will there be any changes or effects??

lowest threshold for which of these
salty, sour bitter sweet??

what is secondary swallowing?

 

[teethie]

thank u pb2007 for great link.👍

great job ,bratdoc.
found this menomic link whcih seems vry helpful.
http://www.medicalmnemonics.com/pdf/2002_09_full_abr_8x11.pdf

its got nothing to do with above ques,jst liked it so wanted to share with u guys .

 

[Svetlana]

some important doubts:

if person is hypovolemic, what will happen to kidneys osmolarity, gfr. will there be any changes or effects??

lowest threshold for which of these
salty, sour bitter sweet??

what is secondary swallowing?

Your Q,teethy,make me cry...
My exam is so soon,and i have no idea on these...

 

[teethie]

I am soo sorry, i dont want to post anything which makes anyone cry.
I also have no clues abt these that is why i thought someone might help me. thats ok i will post answer if i find something. u do not waste ur time in searching these. ur exam is near so just revise.
all the best👍

Your Q,teethy,make me cry...
My exam is so soon,and i have no idea on these...

 

[pb2007]

some important doubts:

if person is hypovolemic, what will happen to kidneys osmolarity, gfr. will there be any changes or effects??

lowest threshold for which of these
salty, sour bitter sweet??

what is secondary swallowing?

osmolaRITY is conc of sloute particles wich is defined as osmoles per liter ,now if pateint is hypovolumic that means more loss of water from the body so fluids are more concentrated n osmolarity goes up.
i think kidney osmolarity will go up too in this case .
gfr is the speed with which fluid is filtered which is further dependent on
1]net filtration factor ....depends on forces that favour filtration n oppose it which include plasma colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular capillaries n hydrostatic pressure in bowman's capsule .if these two r high they oppose filtration .
2]filtration cofficient .....gives idea for what is permeability of membrane is available n the surface area available .

i'm not sure if overall increase in osmolarity has any effect on gfr,it depends on the specifity of ques as what they are asking .

plz make required correction .i hope i'v not confused u more .

 

[teethie]

I do not disagree with you but one point u did not mention in ur explanation is about loss of blood . hypovolemia is due to loss of blood and fluids.
now there is loss of blood and heart is not pumping required blood. glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure depends on pumping of blood so i believe that now this pressure will be decreased right..

then as u mentioned, that hydrostatic pressure in bowmans capsule opposes filtration but glomerulus capillary hydrostatic pressure(Pgc) will promote filtration. now due to hypovolemia, there is less Pgc so decreased dcreased gfr and decreased urine output. i got the answer now.
and i agree with u on osmolarity explanation.👍👍

guys, these kind of questions look hard but key is only concept and if i do not understand the basic concept, i will always feel scared of these kind of questions. today, i understood it what i have been reading until now. ohhhhhh finally!!

my sincere thanks to pb2007 for bringing out the concept right.👍
pb2007, you are truly prepared for this exam.

osmolaRITY is conc of sloute particles wich is defined as osmoles per liter ,now if pateint is hypovolumic that means more loss of water from the body so fluids are more concentrated n osmolarity goes up.
i think kidney osmolarity will go up too in this case .
gfr is the speed with which fluid is filtered which is further dependent on
1]net filtration factor ....depends on forces that favour filtration n oppose it which include plasma colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular capillaries n hydrostatic pressure in bowman's capsule .if these two r high they oppose filtration .
2]filtration cofficient .....gives idea for what is permeability of membrane is available n the surface area available .

i'm not sure if overall increase in osmolarity has any effect on gfr,it depends on the specifity of ques as what they are asking .

plz make required correction .i hope i'v not confused u more .

 

[makeit]

cindrella, bratdco, butterfly22: what is your source when u answer middle third ?

makeit, i agree with your answer what is given in wheelers. i also found the same in Kaplan.

Yes, same Q. what is your source when u answer middle third ?
it seems many Qs in exam always won't differentiate between Junction of In&mi and Middle1/3.

 

[pb2007]

I do not disagree with you but one point u did not mention in ur explanation is about loss of blood . hypovolemia is due to loss of blood and fluids.
now there is loss of blood and heart is not pumping required blood. glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure depends on pumping of blood so i believe that now this pressure will be decreased right..

then as u mentioned, that hydrostatic pressure in bowmans capsule opposes filtration but glomerulus capillary hydrostatic pressure(Pgc) will promote filtration. now due to hypovolemia, there is less Pgc so decreased dcreased gfr and decreased urine output. i got the answer now.
and i agree with u on osmolarity explanation.👍👍

guys, these kind of questions look hard but key is only concept and if i do not understand the basic concept, i will always feel scared of these kind of questions. today, i understood it what i have been reading until now. ohhhhhh finally!!

my sincere thanks to pb2007 for bringing out the concept right.👍
pb2007, you are truly prepared for this exam.

thanks for correction teethie ,i completly forgot abt blood part .
so in this ques the answer is
increased osmolarity and decreased gfr.....

 

[makeit]

the contact area that is most nearly circular is located on the crown of which of the following maxillary premolar?
a. Mesial of the first
b. Distal of the first
c. Mesial of the second
d. Distal of the second
😕

 

[teethie]

yes u r right though there were no exact options.
ADH has to come into action then. this osmolarity will increase further if ADH does not come into play. becasue ADH only can cause reabsorption of water and decrease the osmolairty in blood and then finally in kidneys.

thanks for correction teethie ,i completly forgot abt blood part .
so in this ques the answer is
increased osmolarity and decreased gfr.....

 

[wdent]

lowest threshold for which of these
salty, sour bitter sweet??
Answer is Bitter
Note that they highest -is Sweet 🙂

 

[elmos]

hello teethie
thks for pb2007, for the explanation and u2
secondary swallowing is pharyngeal swallowing, correct me if i'm wrong
check this
http://books.google.com/books?id=J_...BDgK#v=onepage&q=secondary swallowing&f=false

 

[pb2007]

lowest threshold for which of these
salty, sour bitter sweet??
Answer is Bitter
Note that they highest -is Sweet 🙂

thanks wadent ,i was waiting to hear ur reply on this .so i didnt even make effort lukin for it .

can someone explain what is bulbar paralysis,jst read it in one of the symptoms of c botulinum intoxication
dilated unreactive pupils {bulbar paralysis}.......kaplan

 

[teethie]

thank u wdent , elmos.
these questions are good ones......😉

 

[IMFdoc]

@pb2007
bulbar paralysis is the paralysis of the last 4 cranial nerves..

 

[teethie]

It is given in kaplan anatomy but i will post abt it in detail. i forgot now.
let me find out.

thanks wadent ,i was waiting to hear ur reply on this .so i didnt even make effort lukin for it .

can someone explain what is bulbar paralysis,jst read it in one of the symptoms of c botulinum intoxication
dilated unreactive pupils {bulbar paralysis}.......kaplan

 

[pb2007]

@pb2007
bulbar paralysis is the paralysis of the last 4 cranial nerves..

sorry for bothering u guys for this ques,i got the answer,for some reason i kept thing bulbar had to do with eye so couldnt understand how last 4 nerves were involved,i should have done my homework .

 

[teethie]

Progressive bulbar palsy, also called progressive bulbar atrophy, involves the bulb-shaped brain stem —the region that controls lower motor neurons needed for swallowing, speaking, chewing, and other functions. Symptoms include pharyngeal muscle weakness (involved with swallowing), weak jaw and facial muscles, progressive loss of speech, and tongue muscle atrophy. Individuals eventually become unable to eat or speak and are at increased risk of choking and aspiration pneumonia.

Ach is not released into neuromuscular junctions,leading to paralysis of myosin filaments. Blockade of transmitter release accounts for flaccid paralysis and autonomic dysfunction that is characteristic of the disease botulism.

i could not find relation of dilated pupils with bulbar in botulinum toxin??

 

[haass]

👍

ans is junction of middle n incisal third. its given in kaplan

 

[teethie]

oh i just saw this post.

dilated pupils is mydriasis, paralysis of extraoccular muscles supplied by occulomotor n.

sorry for bothering u guys for this ques,i got the answer,for some reason i kept thing bulbar had to do with eye so couldnt understand how last 4 nerves were involved,i should have done my homework .

 

[wdent]

Quick Q-


Q-Tooth with Axial inclination of root MOST vertical ?
a.Central incisors (most axial inclination )!!!

b.Premolars (in realtion with arc. it looks most vertical makin perpandicular angle)

Both seems rite !! What do guys think !!

 

[Svetlana]

Quick Q-


Q-Tooth with Axial inclination of root MOST vertical ?
a.Central incisors (most axial inclination )!!!

b.Premolars (in realtion with arc. it looks most vertical makin perpandicular angle)

Both seems rite !! What do guys think !!

Why do you think both?
CI-most axial inclinatio.
PM-most stable teeth(acc.to kaplan)

Correct me if im wrong

 

[Svetlana]

Guys,can you give me please a GENERAL IDEA how to approach these kind of Q!!!
Im always mistaken!

If the pH becomes lower than the isoelectric point of protein , then how will the protein respond in an electrophoretic system?It will
1.become denatured
2.migrate to the negative pole(ans)
3.to the positive
4.remain stationary and uncharged
5.separate into its different monomeric forms

PLEASE!!!

 

[hot]

Guys,can you give me please a GENERAL IDEA how to approach these kind of Q!!!
Im always mistaken!

If the pH becomes lower than the isoelectric point of protein , then how will the protein respond in an electrophoretic system?It will
1.become denatured
2.migrate to the negative pole(ans)
3.to the positive
4.remain stationary and uncharged
5.separate into its different monomeric forms

PLEASE!!!

first know that isoelectric point is the pH when the number of positive and negative charges on a molecule equal each other. pretty much it means that there is no movement in the electric field.

if a pH is lower that the protein, it will have a net positive charge, and will move towards the negative electrode (cathode).

if a pH is higher than the protein, it will have a net negative charge, and will move towards the positive electrode (anode)

the greater the difference the pH is from the isoelectric point, the greater the net charge and the greater the movement.

if you have the dental decks a good explanation is on card 188 of biochemistry/physiology.

 

[hot]

Quick Q-


Q-Tooth with Axial inclination of root MOST vertical ?
a.Central incisors (most axial inclination )!!!

b.Premolars (in realtion with arc. it looks most vertical makin perpandicular angle)

Both seems rite !! What do guys think !!

for some reason i thought it was premolars. i know it's not central incisors because in ortho ceph's there is an axial tilt in the saggital plane.

card 109 of dental anatomy & occlusion of the dental decks says that "both maxillary & mandibular premolars have their long axis most perpendicular to the horizontal plane when the teeth are in maximum intercuspation. in other words, they are the most closely vertically aligned of all the teeth"

hope this helps.

 

[wdent]

Thanks Hot !

 

[Svetlana]

first know that isoelectric point is the pH when the number of positive and negative charges on a molecule equal each other. pretty much it means that there is no movement in the electric field.

if a pH is lower that the protein, it will have a net positive charge, and will move towards the negative electrode (cathode).

if a pH is higher than the protein, it will have a net negative charge, and will move towards the positive electrode (anode)

the greater the difference the pH is from the isoelectric point, the greater the net charge and the greater the movement.

if you have the dental decks a good explanation is on card 188 of biochemistry/physiology.

Thanks a lot!!!

 

[bratdoc]

cindrella, bratdco, butterfly22: what is your source when u answer middle third ?

makeit, i agree with your answer what is given in wheelers. i also found the same in Kaplan.

My reference was Kaplan review notes and Kaplan Dentessentials.... though i had another file of some teacher's notes which said its at the junction... but i preferred to go with Kaplan!

 

[bratdoc]

lowest threshold for which of these
salty, sour bitter sweet??
Answer is Bitter
Note that they highest -is Sweet 🙂

Agreed!👍👍

Just to add
Sour-production of H+ which closes K+ channels.
Bitter-activating IP3 which increases intracellular Ca2+.
Salt-Na+ influx through passive ion channels.
Sweet-activating cAMP which closes K+ channels.

 

[bratdoc]

great job ,bratdoc.
found this menomic link whcih seems vry helpful.
http://www.medicalmnemonics.com/pdf/2002_09_full_abr_8x11.pdf

its got nothing to do with above ques,jst liked it so wanted to share with u guys .

Awesome link!👍

 

[hot]

can someone please help me out with this question... i am very weak on histology and could really use someone's help.


where is the lamina propria & the periosteum practically a single membrane:
a) buccal mucosa
b) soft palate
c) floor of mouth
d) attached gingiva

 

[bratdoc]

can someone please help me out with this question... i am very weak on histology and could really use someone's help.


where is the lamina propria & the periosteum practically a single membrane:
a) buccal mucosa
b) soft palate
c) floor of mouth
d) attached gingiva-----ANSWER i think

hmm im not too confident in histology myself but i think here the lamina propria is tightly bound to the periosteum since there is no submucosa... same goes for hard palate also

 

[teethie]

thank u bratdoc for the details🙂

Agreed!👍👍

Just to add
Sour-production of H+ which closes K+ channels.
Bitter-activating IP3 which increases intracellular Ca2+.
Salt-Na+ influx through passive ion channels.
Sweet-activating cAMP which closes K+ channels.

 

[hot]

hmm im not too confident in histology myself but i think here the lamina propria is tightly bound to the periosteum since there is no submucosa... same goes for hard palate also

thanks bratdoc...

 

[teethie]

100% right. agree. 👍
this is also one reason why injecting in ant hard palate is painful(remember when we give nasopalatine nerve block)

hmm im not too confident in histology myself but i think here the lamina propria is tightly bound to the periosteum since there is no submucosa... same goes for hard palate also

 

[anniemirza]

hmm im not too confident in histology myself but i think here the lamina propria is tightly bound to the periosteum since there is no submucosa... same goes for hard palate also

I guess u r right....thanx4dat.

 

[anniemirza]

What are Brachiomeric fibres???
never heard of em...?

 

[bratdoc]

What are Brachiomeric fibres???
never heard of em...?

it is Branchiomeric... the striated muscles derived from the branchial arches!

 

[Svetlana]

What are Brachiomeric fibres???
never heard of em...?

If you mean braNchiomeric...
Branchiomeric muscles are striated muscles of the head and neck. Unlike skeletal muscles that developmentally come from somites, branchiomeric muscles are developmentally formed from the branchial arches.

Wiki

 

[hot]

What are Brachiomeric fibres???
never heard of em...?

i know braNchiomeric fibers are motor fibers that become lateral motor roots of the branchiomeric skeletal muscles derived from mesoderm w/ associated branchial arches. but i've never heard of brachiomeric.

 

[bratdoc]

must be a typo..... Anniemirza where did u read that?

 

[anniemirza]

@bratdoc and svetlana....Thank you.
N yes it is branchiomeric fibres.

 

[anniemirza]

@HOT...Thank you...I was looking for branchiomeric motor fibres.I just read it in the decks but couldnt understand the concept.

 

[anniemirza]

Pampiniform plexus are seen in
Males....females ....or both??

I know they are present in males, but doubt if they are seen in females too. HELP