Lets discuss questions of NBDE 1

[d dimps]

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1). .Which angle does a P Wave makes on ECG?
a). .45 degree
b). .180 degree
c). .0 degree
d). .-45 degree
e). .-180 degree.

2). .What is endogenous cholesterol? Most endogenous cholesterol is converted to?
a). .Glucose
b). .Cholic acid
c). .Steroid
d). .Oxaloacetete
e). .Ketone bodies

3). .Which of the following statement is correct regarding Glioblastoma multiforme?
a). .the tumor is most common before puberty
b). .it is classified as a type of meningioma
c). .it is most common type of Astrocytoma.
d). .Its prognosis is generally more favourablethan Grade 1 astrocytoma.
e). .It is derived from the epithelial lining of ventricles

4). .Which of the following pathological changes is irreversible?
a). .fatty changes in liver cells
b). .karyolysis in myocardial cells
c). .glycogen deposition in hepatocyte nuclei
d). .hydropic vacuolization of renal tubular epithelial cells.

5). .An example of Synergism is the effect of?
a). .insulin and glucagon on blood glucose
b). .estrogen and progesterone on uterine motility
c). .growth hormone and thyroxine on skeletal growth.
d). .Antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone on potassium excretion.

 

[teethie]

answer please:

how can we calculate mean blood pressure if only values of systolic and diastolic pressure is given and nothing else? i mean what formula is used to calculate?


intestinal tone is controlled by which reflex?

 

[teethie]

yes it is present in both.

http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cn...us/common/dorlands/dorland/nine/000955920.htm

Pampiniform plexus are seen in
Males....females ....or both??

I know they are present in males, but doubt if they are seen in females too. HELP

 

[bratdoc]

answer please:

how can we calculate mean blood pressure if only values of systolic and diastolic pressure is given and nothing else? i mean what formula is used to calculate?


intestinal tone is controlled by which reflex?

Mean Arterial pressure= [(2xdiastolic)+ Systolic]/3

If that is what u are asking... if mean Blood pressure then im not sure.. might be the same thing

 

[dmd94]

answer please:

how can we calculate mean blood pressure if only values of systolic and diastolic pressure is given and nothing else? i mean what formula is used to calculate?


intestinal tone is controlled by which reflex?

Mean arterial pressure = 1/3 systolic + 2/3 disatolic

 

[bratdoc]

answer please:

how can we calculate mean blood pressure if only values of systolic and diastolic pressure is given and nothing else? i mean what formula is used to calculate?


intestinal tone is controlled by which reflex?

Intestinal tone--- might be controlled by the gastroileal reflex... as when food present in the stomach it stimulates peristalsis in the ileumand relaxes the ileocaecal valve to deliver contents to the large intestine!

 

[dmd94]

i know braNchiomeric fibers are motor fibers that become lateral motor roots of the branchiomeric skeletal muscles derived from mesoderm w/ associated branchial arches. but i've never heard of brachiomeric.

I still didn't understand this branchiomeric motor fibre concept 😕 help plz

 

[aiming 4 dds]

Prior to encountering an egg in female reproductive tract a sperm undergoes loss of coating covering the tip of head.Which of following items is used to describe this process?
a.acrosome reaction
b.capacitation
c.cortical reaction
d.polar body degeneration
e.zona reaction

 

[teethie]

thank u dmd94 and bratdoc🙂

for reflex question, I would like to get other sdners opinion also if they agree with the answer. please help.

 

[Svetlana]

Prior to encountering an egg in female reproductive tract a sperm undergoes loss of coating covering the tip of head.Which of following items is used to describe this process?
a.acrosome reaction
b.capacitation-ans
c.cortical reaction
d.polar body degeneration
e.zona reaction

capacitation is the removal of various factors that coat the acrosomal portion of sperm

acrosome reaction-release of acr.enz when sperm binds to zona pellucida

 

[teethie]

Agree 👍

capacitation is the removal of various factors that coat the acrosomal portion of sperm

acrosome reaction-release of acr.enz when sperm binds to zona pellucida

 

[hot]

capacitation is the removal of various factors that coat the acrosomal portion of sperm

acrosome reaction-release of acr.enz when sperm binds to zona pellucida

to further extend:

capacitation is the removal (in the female reproductive tract) of the various factors that coat & cover the acrosomal portion of the sperm plasma membrane.

acrosome reaction is the process of acrosome enzyme release that occurs when the spermatozoon binds to the zona pellucida of the female gamete. this rxn is required for the spermatozoon to penetrate the zona pellucida.

cortical rxn: enzymes that prevent additional spermatozoa from penetrating the oocyte membrane are released from granules in the egg cortex.

zona rxn: cortical granule enzymes alter the zona pellucida, making the zona impenetrable to additional spermatoza

 

[dmd94]

I do not disagree with you but one point u did not mention in ur explanation is about loss of blood . hypovolemia is due to loss of blood and fluids.
now there is loss of blood and heart is not pumping required blood. glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure depends on pumping of blood so i believe that now this pressure will be decreased right..

then as u mentioned, that hydrostatic pressure in bowmans capsule opposes filtration but glomerulus capillary hydrostatic pressure(Pgc) will promote filtration. now due to hypovolemia, there is less Pgc so decreased dcreased gfr and decreased urine output. i got the answer now.
and i agree with u on osmolarity explanation.👍👍

guys, these kind of questions look hard but key is only concept and if i do not understand the basic concept, i will always feel scared of these kind of questions. today, i understood it what i have been reading until now. ohhhhhh finally!!

my sincere thanks to pb2007 for bringing out the concept right.👍
pb2007, you are truly prepared for this exam.

Less volume --> less hydrostatic pressure --> more colloidal osmotic pressure ... ( because of more solute, oncotic pressure will rise )

am i right ? is it that HP and ONCOTIC Pressure are always inversly proportional ?

is my reasoning correct ? please help

 

[bratdoc]

Less volume --> less hydrostatic pressure --> more colloidal osmotic pressure ... ( because of more solute, oncotic pressure will rise )

👍

 

[bratdoc]

Which adrenergic receptors are controlled by Epinephrine and which by Norepinephrine....
Alpha 1
Alpha 2
Beta 1
Beta 2

Different books suggest different things it seems 🙁 ... so please answer and Name your reference!

 

[bratdoc]

My main motive is to find out what controls Beta 1 (heart) receptors? Epinephrine or Norepinephrine??!!

 

[hot]

My main motive is to find out what controls Beta 1 (heart) receptors? Epinephrine or Norepinephrine??!!

USMLE 1st aid: norepinephrine (alpha), epinephrine (alpha & beta)
decks say the same thing.

 

[bratdoc]

USMLE 1st aid: norepinephrine (alpha), epinephrine (alpha & beta)
decks say the same thing.

i am asking specifically for Beta 1 now... does that mean Beta1=Epinephrine?

 

[teethie]

bratdoc, my reference is kaplan.

alpha 1, alpha 2: epinephrine and norepinephrine
beta1: only epinephrine
beta2: epinephrine and norepinephrine.

My main motive is to find out what controls Beta 1 (heart) receptors? Epinephrine or Norepinephrine??!!

 

[anniemirza]

yes it is present in both.

http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cn...us/common/dorlands/dorland/nine/000955920.htm

Thank you 👍

 

[bratdoc]

Hi teethie then how is this possible??

right 👍

By acting thru beta 1 reseptors
Originally Posted by bratdoc
Which of the following statements about Norepinephrine is correct?
1.Causes cardiac acceleration (ans)
2.Causes general vasodilation
3.Causes vasodilation in the vessels of the skin
4.Has a negative ionotropic effect on the heart
5.Is the preganglionic sympathetic neurotransmitter

This was the reason i posted this question that day coz i also thought Epi controls Beta1... and the answer sheet said Norepi caused cardiac acceleration... so i posted this question here.. how is this possible!

 

[bratdoc]

bratdoc, my reference is kaplan.

alpha 1, alpha 2: epinephrine and norepinephrine
beta1: only epinephrine
beta2: epinephrine and norepinephrine.

yes this is what Kaplan Review notes says.. but dentessentials says something different 😡 ... confused and pissed off with the receptors now!

 

[hot]

i am asking specifically for Beta 1 now... does that mean Beta1=Epinephrine?

kaplan lecture notes (pg. 422) says "norepinephrine stimulates alpha1, alpha2, & beta2 receptors. epinephrine stimulates alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2 receptors".

so my answer to your question is yes... beta-1 is stimulated by epinephrine. now cited in 3 different references. hope this helps.

 

[bratdoc]

kaplan lecture notes (pg. 422) says "norepinephrine stimulates alpha1, alpha2, & beta2 receptors. epinephrine stimulates alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2 receptors".

so my answer to your question is yes... beta-1 is stimulated by epinephrine. now cited in 3 different references. hope this helps.

Please name the other two references apart from Kaplan Review notes plz... coz dentessentials says something else.....😕 and plz answer the question i posted in #2020 also.... im really confused

 

[hot]

Hi teethie then how is this possible??

right 👍



This was the reason i posted this question that day coz i also thought Epi controls Beta1... and the answer sheet said Norepi caused cardiac acceleration... so i posted this question here.. how is this possible!

i think the reason this is correct is b/c this has to do w/ myocardial contractility (or inotropic state)... meaning that positive inotropy (increased availability of intracellular Ca++) agents include: epinephrine, norepinephrine, & other B1 receptor agonists. this implies that norepinephrine is a B1 receptor agonist... however i've always learned otherwise. sorry i'm not much help. i hope someone knows the answer.

 

[teethie]

bratdoc, do not get worried. i understand what ur doubt is now.
i am looking inti it.
for that question i am pasting a link which says incerased activity due to nor epinephrine. but to get a clear picture of all these receptors, let me find out more.


http://books.google.ca/books?id=UFE...cceleration norepinephrine receptors&f=false

 

[hot]

Please name the other two references apart from Kaplan Review notes plz... coz dentessentials says something else.....😕 and plz answer the question i posted in #2020 also.... im really confused

my post above said decks & USMLE 1st aid for NE being alpha only & epi being alpha & beta.

 

[bratdoc]

bratdoc, do not get worried. i understand what ur doubt is now.
i am looking inti it.
for that question i am pasting a link which says incerased activity due to nor epinephrine. but to get a clear picture of all these receptors, let me find out more.


http://books.google.ca/books?id=UFE...cceleration norepinephrine receptors&f=false

Thanks Hot and Teethie
Thanks for the link Teethie👍 yes it does answer the question i posted!!! but how does Norepi do that?? since only Epi is supposed to stimulate Beta 1...... Thanks for looking into it!

 

[hot]

Thanks Hot and Teethie
Thanks for the link Teethie👍 yes it does answer the question i posted!!! but how does Norepi do that?? since only Epi is supposed to stimulate Beta 1...... Thanks for looking into it!

like i said before... norepinephrine acts on β1-adrenergic receptors in the heart, producing a positive inotropic effect on the myocardium. maybe the link below will help. maybe @ this point it may be safe for you to assume that both epi and NE act on both alpha & beta receptors... as that is what the literature suggests. many of these kaplan/first aid books, etc. do not always update their information... it's mostly supposed to be a "guide" and we are supposed to have learned these things in other courses and use these "review books" as a quick review/summary.

http://www.medscape.com/druginfo/mo...rine+Bitartrate+IV&monotype=monograph&secid=6

 

[bratdoc]

like i said before... norepinephrine acts on β1-adrenergic receptors in the heart, producing a positive inotropic effect on the myocardium. maybe the link below will help. maybe @ this point it may be safe for you to assume that both epi and NE act on both alpha & beta receptors... as that is what the literature suggests. many of these kaplan/first aid books, etc. do not always update their information... it's mostly supposed to be a "guide" and we are supposed to have learned these things in other courses and use these "review books" as a quick review/summary.

http://www.medscape.com/druginfo/mo...rine+Bitartrate+IV&monotype=monograph&secid=6

Thank you!! I will keep that in mind for NE in the heart!🙂 but cudnt chk ur link... m not a member 🙁

 

[hot]

Thank you!! I will keep that in mind for NE in the heart!🙂 but cudnt chk ur link... m not a member 🙁

sorry... i am unsure why it's not working 🙁

 

[deck]

u r right there is error in this question.

thanks u for the reply!!!!^^

 

[teethie]

OK i understood it is definitely a mistake in kaplan. here is the correct picture:

alpha 1, alpha 2: epinephrine and norepinephrine
beta1: epinephrine and norepinephrine.
beta 2: epinephrine only and only

Physiology book Guyton does not specify the receptor type.
I have checked in pharmacology book which I have read in my undergraduate and pharmacology decks. Please remember this there is no vasodilation caused by norepinephrine. because they never act on Beta2 receptors.

Bratdoc, thank u sooo much for bringing this up and it solves your question without any second thoughts.🙂
This discussion is indeed worth for me.

 

[bratdoc]

OK i understood it is definitely a mistake in kaplan. here is the correct picture:

alpha 1, alpha 2: epinephrine and norepinephrine
beta1: epinephrine and norepinephrine.
beta 2: epinephrine only and only

Physiology book Guyton does not specify the receptor type.
I have checked in pharmacology book which I have read in my undergraduate and pharmacology decks. Please remember this there is no vasodilation caused by norepinephrine. because they never act on Beta2 receptors.

Bratdoc, thank u sooo much for bringing this up and it solves your question without any second thoughts.🙂
This discussion is indeed worth for me.

AWESOME!
Thank you so much teethie that is what Kaplan Dentessentials said... But Kaplan Review notes said the exact opposite!!!
Oh so no wonder that Epinephrine(Adrenaline) is used to treat Anaphylaxis and Asthma to dilate the bronchioles.. and thats why Norepi is not used!!!!😍

 

[teethie]

Yes, u got it absolutely correct. we never use norepinephrine in asthma attack because it is not a bronchodilator at all.
so this concept is clear now .
wow, there are some things which i totally begin to understand today starting this morning

AWESOME!
Thank you so much teethie that is what Kaplan Dentessentials said... But Kaplan Review notes said the exact opposite!!!
Oh so no wonder that Epinephrine(Adrenaline) is used to treat Anaphylaxis and Asthma to dilate the bronchioles.. and thats why Norepi is not used!!!!😍

 

[deck]

hmm im not too confident in histology myself but i think here the lamina propria is tightly bound to the periosteum since there is no submucosa... same goes for hard palate also

I think it's attach gingiva, but why???

 

[deck]

Is crypt of Lieberkühn part of submucosa or lamina propria??? I cannot find the answer >< plz help me!!!😍

 

[anniemirza]

@decks

Between the intestinal villi we see the openings of simple tubular glands, the crypts of Lieberkühn. They extend through the lamina propria down to the muscularis mucosae.
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/GIT/git.htm

 

[bratdoc]

I think it's attach gingiva, but why???

Because attached gingiva contains no submucosa underneath that is why its lamina propria is attached to the underlying periosteum of bone

 

[makeit]

my post above said decks & USMLE 1st aid for NE being alpha only & epi being alpha & beta.

agree👍

 

[anniemirza]

I think it's attach gingiva, but why???

The hard palate, gingiva, and dorsum of the tongue, which are subjected to mechanical trauma during chewing, lack a submucosa and are covered by cornified, stratified squamous epithelium. In these areas, the lamina propria is immobilized by its attachment to underlying structures. Where the mucosa attaches directly to bone, it forms a mucoperiosteum. The mucosa of the gingiva (gums) is attached directly to the periosteum of alveolar bone, and a similar attachment occurs in the midline raphe of the hard palate and where the hard palate joins the gingiva.
hope it helps!

 

[teethie]

please post your responses for which reflex maintains intestinal tone ?????😕😕😕 so far i have received two responses:gastro ileiac and vagal?
or is there any other?????????????????

 

[deck]

@decks

Thanks for answering my question so clearly!!! Really appreciate it!!!👍

 

[wdent]

If a Mother took Tetracyclin during her second Trimester,which teeth will be affected !!! ?

 

[elmos]

what is not innate immune reaction?
hcl of the stomach
fever
sIgA in mother's milk
phagocytosis by neutrophil
can anyone pls answer this question?

 

[bratdoc]

If a Mother took Tetracyclin during her second Trimester,which teeth will be affected !!! ?

All the primary teeth start calcifying during the second trimester so all the primary teeth at least

 

[bratdoc]

please post your responses for which reflex maintains intestinal tone ?????😕😕😕 so far i have received two responses:gastro ileiac and vagal?
or is there any other?????????????????

sorry i just quoted the reflex for small intestine... for large intestine it is gastrocolic reflex...
so basically
Small intestine tone= Gastroileal reflex
Large intestine tone=Gastrocolic reflex
and yes Vagal reflex can also control tone... we can also induce the vagal reflex by the Valsalva maneuver

[apart from this Stomach motility/tone controlled by Enterogastric reflex..... and other factors controlling intestinal motility are various enzymes(but not reflexes)... this is what i know! so if you are looking for anything beyond that then i dont know what to say! 🙁 ... do let us know if there is something new!]

 

[elmos]

please post your responses for which reflex maintains intestinal tone ?????😕😕😕 so far i have received two responses:gastro ileiac and vagal?
or is there any other?????????????????

sorry teethie i'm confused with this question but perhaps
it's vagovagal reflex

 

[teethie]

yes, all primary teeth will be affected.

All the primary teeth start calcifying during the second trimester so all the primary teeth at least

 

[teethie]

thank u elmos and bratdoc.

sorry i just quoted the reflex for small intestine... for large intestine it is gastrocolic reflex...
so basically
Small intestine tone= Gastroileal reflex
Large intestine tone=Gastrocolic reflex
and yes Vagal reflex can also control tone... we can also induce the vagal reflex by the Valsalva maneuver

[apart from this Stomach motility/tone controlled by Enterogastric reflex..... and other factors controlling intestinal motility are various enzymes(but not reflexes)... this is what i know! so if you are looking for anything beyond that then i dont know what to say! 🙁 ... do let us know if there is something new!]

 

[teethie]

ALL of these are innate immune reaction. no exception.

http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/innate/fever.html


http://www.ingid.org/teaching-programmes/Introbasicimmune/innate_immune_system1.htm

what is not innate immune reaction?
hcl of the stomach
fever
sIgA in mother's milk
phagocytosis by neutrophil
can anyone pls answer this question?