Lets discuss questions of NBDE 1

[d dimps]

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1). .Which angle does a P Wave makes on ECG?
a). .45 degree
b). .180 degree
c). .0 degree
d). .-45 degree
e). .-180 degree.

2). .What is endogenous cholesterol? Most endogenous cholesterol is converted to?
a). .Glucose
b). .Cholic acid
c). .Steroid
d). .Oxaloacetete
e). .Ketone bodies

3). .Which of the following statement is correct regarding Glioblastoma multiforme?
a). .the tumor is most common before puberty
b). .it is classified as a type of meningioma
c). .it is most common type of Astrocytoma.
d). .Its prognosis is generally more favourablethan Grade 1 astrocytoma.
e). .It is derived from the epithelial lining of ventricles

4). .Which of the following pathological changes is irreversible?
a). .fatty changes in liver cells
b). .karyolysis in myocardial cells
c). .glycogen deposition in hepatocyte nuclei
d). .hydropic vacuolization of renal tubular epithelial cells.

5). .An example of Synergism is the effect of?
a). .insulin and glucagon on blood glucose
b). .estrogen and progesterone on uterine motility
c). .growth hormone and thyroxine on skeletal growth.
d). .Antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone on potassium excretion.

 

[wdent]

Thanks teethie n bratdoc.
So just primary teeth ! 🙂
Thanks

 

[teethie]

Can anyone confirm if these answers r correct. some i donot know,pl reply.

The atrioventricular valves r closed during
PR interval
ST interval
qrs interval---------------ans???


A patient who has minimal resistance to gonococcal infection most probably has
a) Leucocytosis
b) Agammaglobulinemia---------------ans???
c) Eosinophil deficiency
d) Deficiency of CMI
e) Defeciency of compliment factors C6, C7 and C8

which cell get increase in advanced periodontal disease -
a neutrophil
b basophil
c T cell
d Plasma cells ---------------ans???


perikaryon of a sympathetic nerve is located in
dorsal root ganglion
posterior
intermediolateral region of spinal cord

which cell type in the newly forming bone is most mitotic
osteogenic progenitor ---------------ans???
osteoblast precursor


What happens in Congestive heart failure -

a afterload increas
b afterload decrease---------------ans???
c preload increase
d preload decrease


MI relation with pulmonary congestion?----???

What is the effect of PDL mechanoreceptors on action potential:
change AP duration
change frequency
change threshold
change all /none response

what defects the fetus will have if a woman with 9 week pregnancy has a trauma?------
hyocalcifed teeth---------ans???

blood flow to coronary A is greatest during:
Early diastole---------------ans???
late diastole

in which direction carious lesion proceed from surface of enamel
A random direction
B. At right angle
C.parallel to axis of e rods----------------------ans???
D.at constant rate

 

[Svetlana]

Can anyone confirm if these answers r correct. some i donot know,pl reply.

The atrioventricular valves r closed during
PR interval
ST interval
qrs interval---------------ans??? agree,during ventricle systole valves should be closed


A patient who has minimal resistance to gonococcal infection most probably has
a) Leucocytosis
b) Agammaglobulinemia---------------ans???
c) Eosinophil deficiency
d) Deficiency of CMI
e) Defeciency of compliment factors C6, C7 and C8 ans(look kaplan)

which cell get increase in advanced periodontal disease -
a neutrophil
b basophil
c T cell
d Plasma cells ---------------ans??? think so,coz IgG is rising


perikaryon of a sympathetic nerve is located in
dorsal root ganglion
posterior
intermediolateral region of spinal cord ans

which cell type in the newly forming bone is most mitotic
osteogenic progenitor ---------------ans??? agree
osteoblast precursor


What happens in Congestive heart failure -

a afterload increas
b afterload decrease---------------ans???
c preload increase
d preload decrease
as far as i understand preload should increase (amount of blood coming to haert,coz pumping function is affected and blood stay in veins)


MI relation with pulmonary congestion?----???

What is the effect of PDL mechanoreceptors on action potential:
change AP duration
change frequency
change threshold
change all /none response

what defects the fetus will have if a woman with 9 week pregnancy has a trauma?------
hyocalcifed teeth---------ans??? no idea,what trauma,which teeth?

blood flow to coronary A is greatest during:
Early diastole---------------ans???
late diastole
didn't find anything!!!

in which direction carious lesion proceed from surface of enamel
A random direction
B. At right angle
C.parallel to axis of e rods----------------------ans???
D.at constant rate

Will try to find other ans!

 

[generationX]

ALL of these are innate immune reaction. no exception.

http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/innate/fever.html


http://www.ingid.org/teaching-programmes/Introbasicimmune/innate_immune_system1.htm

Mother's sIgA. Clearly that is acquired passive immunity.

 

[teethie]

thank u svetlana, i appreciate your kind help.

Will try to find other ans!

 

[teethie]

I read the following :
Breast milk - and particularly colostrum - contains both protective bactericidal enzymes and certain antibodies (so breast milk can be seen to be part of the innate immune system and the acquired immune system - antibodies are a part of the acquired immune system)

so it was not clear if mother sIgA is not innate immunity.

WELL, I AGREE with GENERATION X.
We have no other exception in the options then. lets see what others say.

Mother's sIgA. Clearly that is acquired passive immunity.

 

[happyk9]

What is the effect of PDL mechanoreceptors on action potential:
change AP duration
change frequency
change threshold
change all /none response---Answer

This question is testing the concepts of EPSP and action potential.

 

[hot]

.an example of primary active transport is the movement of
a) glucose into muscle
b) potassium into nerve cell
c) proteins across capillaries
d) sodium into endothelial cell
e) oxygen across alveolar wall
.

 

[hot]

This question is testing the concepts of EPSP and action potential.

agree 🙂

 

[anniemirza]

.an example of primary active transport is the movement of
a) glucose into muscle
b) potassium into nerve cell
c) proteins across capillaries
d) sodium into endothelial cell-ans
e) oxygen across alveolar wall
.

I think its sodium transport because primary active transport require ATP and from all the above options sodium is the only one which uses ATP for transport ,rest all use carrier proteins or concentration gradient mechanism.Correct me if iam wrong.

 

[drasn]

.an example of primary active transport is the movement of
a) glucose into muscle
b) potassium into nerve cell : Answer
c) proteins across capillaries
d) sodium into endothelial cell
e) oxygen across alveolar wall

Correct me if m wrong.
.

 

[anniemirza]

.an example of primary active transport is the movement of
a) glucose into muscle
b) potassium into nerve cell : Answer
c) proteins across capillaries
d) sodium into endothelial cell
e) oxygen across alveolar wall

Correct me if m wrong.
.

Ohh u r right too....potassium also uses ATP!!!now iam confused whether its sodium or potassium!🙄

 

[drasn]

Sodium-Potassium pump is an example of primary active transport.The pump is an integral membrane glycoprotein.It breaks down a molecule of ATP and uses energy release to bring two POTASSIUM IONS INTO THE CELL AND EXPORT THREE SODIUM IONS. thus sodium -Potassium pump is an antiport.

 

[anniemirza]

.an example of primary active transport is the movement of
a) glucose into muscle
b) potassium into nerve cell-final answer
c) proteins across capillaries
d) sodium into endothelial cell
e) oxygen across alveolar wall
.

sorry for all the confusion guys....its potassium!heres the link
http://www.biologymad.com/NervousSystem/nerveimpulses.htm

 

[elmos]

hi teethie,
i don't think it's decrease afterload because the treatement for CHF is to decrease afterload
http://www.springerlink.com/content/b647j63t46040g54/
it's either increased afterload or increase preload.

 

[Cindrella]

OK i understood it is definitely a mistake in kaplan. here is the correct picture:

alpha 1, alpha 2: epinephrine and norepinephrine
beta1: epinephrine and norepinephrine.
beta 2: epinephrine only and only

Physiology book Guyton does not specify the receptor type.
I have checked in pharmacology book which I have read in my undergraduate and pharmacology decks. Please remember this there is no vasodilation caused by norepinephrine. because they never act on Beta2 receptors.

Bratdoc, thank u sooo much for bringing this up and it solves your question without any second thoughts.🙂
This discussion is indeed worth for me.

👍 all of u guys are going to crack nbde in the " true sense " 🙂 👍

 

[Cindrella]

Sorry for the basic question .. but help needed !!

when we say increased PCo2 ... there is respiratory acidosis ...not metabolic acidosis .. and vice versa would be respiratory alkalosis .

correct ? 😕

 

[teethie]

@elmos, happyk9: thank u for the answers.


@bratdoc: can u please check the question of innate immunity? and also can you highlight the concept of afterload in CHF.
I was going with what u explained 2days ago abt afterload but with CHF ,I am getting confused with the answer.

someone please answer the remaining ones.

ALL of these are innate immune reaction. no exception.

http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/innate/fever.html


http://www.ingid.org/teaching-programmes/Introbasicimmune/innate_immune_system1.htm

 

[bratdoc]

Sorry for the basic question .. but help needed !!

when we say increased PCo2 ... there is respiratory acidosis ...not metabolic acidosis .. and vice versa would be respiratory alkalosis .

correct ? 😕

yes correct... INcreased PCO2=respiratory acidosis
Decreased PCO2= respiratory alkalosis

 

[teethie]

correct, increased Pco2 is respiratory acidosis not metabolic acidosis.

Sorry for the basic question .. but help needed !!

when we say increased PCo2 ... there is respiratory acidosis ...not metabolic acidosis .. and vice versa would be respiratory alkalosis .

correct ? 😕

 

[bratdoc]

@elmos, happyk9: thank u for the answers.


@bratdoc: can u please check the question of innate immunity? and also can you highlight the concept of afterload in CHF.
I was going with what u explained 2days ago abt afterload but with CHF ,I am getting confused with the answer.

someone please answer the remaining ones.

Remember in my explanation Afterload is the "pressure" U provide to the neck of the ballon to resist air from coming out (It is not the amount of air coming out!)....
CHF can be caused due to increased Preload OR increased Afterload... it just depends on what the real cause is....

But since the question has both the options i will go with increased afterload since hypertension is one of the leading causes of Heart Failure... and hypertension causes increased TPR hence increased AFterload!

 

[teethie]

ok understood it. thank u bratdoc and elmos.
there is increase in afterload and preload.

Remember in my explanation Afterload is the "pressure" U provide to the neck of the ballon to resist air from coming out (It is not the amount of air coming out!)....
CHF can be caused due to increased Preload OR increased Afterload... it just depends on what the real cause is....

But since the question has both the options i will go with increased afterload since hypertension is one of the leading causes of Heart Failure... and hypertension causes increased TPR hence increased AFterload!

 

[bratdoc]

And i think sIgA is the answer because that is acquired from the mother's breast milk and is a premade antibody! not made by the newborn him/herself

 

[teethie]

thanks a lot for ur confirmation🙂

And i think sIgA is the answer because that is acquired from the mother's breast milk and is a premade antibody! not made by the newborn him/herself

 

[Cindrella]

@ teethie & bratdoc ... thank you 🙂

 

[teethie]

thanks for this link.

sorry for all the confusion guys....its potassium!heres the link
http://www.biologymad.com/NervousSystem/nerveimpulses.htm

 

[bratdoc]

Can anyone confirm if these answers r correct. some i donot know,pl reply.

[

.[/COLOR]
A patient who has minimal resistance to gonococcal infection most probably has
a) Leucocytosis
b) Agammaglobulinemia---------------ans???
c) Eosinophil deficiency
d) Deficiency of CMI
e) Defeciency of compliment factors C6, C7 and C8----ANSWER (Kaplan review notes 2009 ed. Pg 103 right column)





What happens in Congestive heart failure -

a afterload increas----ANSWER
b afterload decrease---------------ans???NO
c preload increase--CAN ALSO BE CORRECT
d preload decrease


MI relation with pulmonary congestion?----???
In simple words Myocardial Infarction can cause decreased pumping from the left ventricle (due to damage from infarct).. So when Left ventricle is unable to pump all of the blood out, which is entering it from the pulmonary veins then this backward pressure increase can lead to pulmonary congestion!! Lemme know if u need more explanation!


what defects the fetus will have if a woman with 9 week pregnancy has a trauma?------
hyocalcifed teeth---------ans??? NO.. Calcification starts 14th week onwards...9th week onwards there is morphodifferentiation and histodifferentiation of the tooth germ ... also 9th week onwards there is Organogenesis in the body

👍

 

[drasn]

ok understood it. thank u bratdoc and elmos.
there is increase in afterload and preload.

Answer: Increase in afterload
Preload
Stroke volume is intrinsically controlled by preload (the degree to which the ventricles are stretched prior to contracting). An increase in the volume or speed of venous return will increase preload and, through the Frank–Starling law of the heart, will increase stroke volume. Decreased venous return has the opposite effect, causing a reduction in stroke volume.
Afterload
Elevated afterload (commonly measured as the aortic pressure during systole) reduces stroke volume. Though not usually affecting stroke volume in healthy individuals, increased afterload will hinder the ventricles in ejecting blood, causing reduced stroke volume. Increased afterload may be found in aortic stenosis and arterial hypertension.
Source:wikipedia

 

[happyk9]

.an example of primary active transport is the movement of
a) glucose into muscle
b) potassium into nerve cell---answer
c) proteins across capillaries
d) sodium into endothelial cell----NOT the answer
e) oxygen across alveolar wall
.

Sodium/H+ exchanger on the Blood-brain barrier （BBB）endothelial cell membrane plays important role in regulating the brain water and electrolyte homeostasis. Sodium concentration is higher outside than the inside. So the gradient potential of sodium give the energy for the endothelial cell to get rid of the intracellular H+. Here the energy comes from the Na+ concentration difference. No ATP directly involves in this process. So choice d is not the answer. The correct answer is b as others have already explained.

 

[bratdoc]

Answer: Increase in afterload
Preload
Stroke volume is intrinsically controlled by preload (the degree to which the ventricles are stretched prior to contracting). An increase in the volume or speed of venous return will increase preload and, through the Frank–Starling law of the heart, will increase stroke volume. Decreased venous return has the opposite effect, causing a reduction in stroke volume.
Afterload
Elevated afterload (commonly measured as the aortic pressure during systole) reduces stroke volume. Though not usually affecting stroke volume in healthy individuals, increased afterload will hinder the ventricles in ejecting blood, causing reduced stroke volume. Increased afterload may be found in aortic stenosis and arterial hypertension.
Source:wikipedia

👍 agree the best answer here IS INCREASE IN AFTERLOAD as i stated but preload can also cause a problem of heart failure

"There are four basic causes of heart failure: 1) excessive work, 2) decrease in the quantity of contractile units (eg., myocardial ischemia), and 3) decrease in the quality of contractile units (eg., myocardiopathy). Excessive work can be divided into increased afterload (the pressure against which the left ventricle must pump) or increased preload (the volume of blood delivered to the left ventricle). Examples of afterload lesions include systemic hypertension, aortic stenosis and coarctation of the aorta. Examples of preload lesions include diseases which cause overcirculation (anemia, thyrotoxicosis, pregnancy, cardiac shunts), and valvular incompetence."
http://www.indyrad.iupui.edu/rtf/teaching/medstudents/stf/pul1/pul1.htm

 

[teethie]

thank u drasn for ur explanation.

bratdoc: thank u for all awesome explanations.
one more doubt: Is pulmonary congestion a very common and instant complication of MI. BECAUSE NECROSIS OF LEFT VENTRICLE occurs within 30 min of attack...right??.

 

[teethie]

last doubt for today:

AM I correct that adenocarcinoma is the most common cancer of lung?
it is not SCC....right???

 

[bratdoc]

thank u drasn for ur explanation.

bratdoc: thank u for all awesome explanations.
one more doubt: Is pulmonary congestion a very common and instant complication of MI. BECAUSE NECROSIS OF LEFT VENTRICLE occurs within 30 min of attack...right??.

though pulmonary congestion IS a common complication of MI but i cannot really say whether it is as instant as it might seem!
Hey i think it might be an instant complication because there is shortness of breath during an MI right? and Shortness of breath is a symptom of pumonary congestion!

 

[teethie]

your logic seems logical though. just dont worry abt it.
well i guess that was my silly doubt, we do not need that much detail.😎

though pulmonary congestion IS a common complication of MI but i cannot really say whether it is as instant as it might seem!
Hey i think it might be an instant complication because there is shortness of breath during an MI right? and Shortness of breath is a symptom of pumonary congestion!

 

[bratdoc]

last doubt for today:

AM I correct that adenocarcinoma is the most common cancer of lung?
it is not SCC....right???

Yes Adenocarcinoma is the most common cancer of the lung in non-smokers.... Squamous cell Carcinoma is the most common cancer in Tobacco smokers!

 

[drasn]

last doubt for today:

AM I correct that adenocarcinoma is the most common cancer of lung?
it is not SCC....right???

Adenocarcinoma is most common cancer of lung among NONSMOKERS AND FEMALES.
Source: USMLE First Aid

 

[pb2007]

last doubt for today:

AM I correct that adenocarcinoma is the most common cancer of lung?
it is not SCC....right???

u r rite teethie ,its adenocarcinoma ,check deck no 130 for micro .

another doubt
which of the following occurs wen venous blood reaches lungs
1]movement of chloride ions from rbc to plasma
2]movement of HCO3- ions from rbc to plasma
3]movement of H+ ions from HB to pLASMA
4]movement of HCO3- ions from plasma to rbc
is choice 1st n 4th the correct answer .

 

[teethie]

thank u bratdoc. this brings you to your 200 posts completion
wow within a month.🙂

Yes Adenocarcinoma is the most common cancer of the lung in non-smokers.... Squamous cell Carcinoma is the most common cancer in Tobacco smokers!

 

[drasn]

👍 agree the best answer here IS INCREASE IN AFTERLOAD as i stated but preload can also cause a problem of heart failure

"There are four basic causes of heart failure: 1) excessive work, 2) decrease in the quantity of contractile units (eg., myocardial ischemia), and 3) decrease in the quality of contractile units (eg., myocardiopathy). Excessive work can be divided into increased afterload (the pressure against which the left ventricle must pump) or increased preload (the volume of blood delivered to the left ventricle). Examples of afterload lesions include systemic hypertension, aortic stenosis and coarctation of the aorta. Examples of preload lesions include diseases which cause overcirculation (anemia, thyrotoxicosis, pregnancy, cardiac shunts), and valvular incompetence."
http://www.indyrad.iupui.edu/rtf/teaching/medstudents/stf/pul1/pul1.htm

Thank you bratdoc for your explanation.

 

[bratdoc]

thank u bratdoc. this brings you to your 200 posts completion
wow within a month.🙂

🙂 i didnt notice!!! Thank you... its coz of all u guys and ur insightful questions!

 

[bratdoc]

u r rite teethie ,its adenocarcinoma ,check deck no 130 for micro .

another doubt
which of the following occurs wen venous blood reaches lungs
1]movement of chloride ions from rbc to plasma
2]movement of HCO3- ions from rbc to plasma
3]movement of H+ ions from HB to pLASMA
4]movement of HCO3- ions from plasma to rbc
is choice 1st n 4th the correct answer .

Correct!! And remember it is the opposite when blood is in tissues!
Check this out!
Inside tissues

 

[teethie]

thank u drasn and pb2007 for the reference..

u r rite teethie ,its adenocarcinoma ,check deck no 130 for micro .

another doubt
which of the following occurs wen venous blood reaches lungs
1]movement of chloride ions from rbc to plasma
2]movement of HCO3- ions from rbc to plasma
3]movement of H+ ions from HB to pLASMA
4]movement of HCO3- ions from plasma to rbc
is choice 1st n 4th the correct answer --------I think u r right.
in lungs, process gets reversed.haldane effect.
correct me if wrong.


.

 

[bratdoc]

...

 

[teethie]

😉😉😉 insightful and optionless questions😉😉

🙂 i didnt notice!!! Thank you... its coz of all u guys and ur insightful questions!

 

[bratdoc]

Here it is for both... had trouble uploading due to size!

 

[pb2007]

...

thanku so much for ur reply bratdoc n teethie
but in such ques how do we pick the best one option .

 

[bratdoc]

thanku so much for ur reply bratdoc n teethie
but in such ques how do we pick the best one option .

Hmmmmm not really sure but i will pick the HCO3 option.. coz that is of our primary concern which will help us take out CO2 from the RBCs whereas the Cl movement is just for balancing.... Well this is just my thought process!! could be wrong~!

 

[teethie]

No clue, both options have to be there in answer choice otherwise process wont take place. let us see what others say.

thanku so much for ur reply bratdoc n teethie
but in such ques how do we pick the best one option .

 

[bratdoc]

thank u bratdoc. this brings you to your 200 posts completion
wow within a month.🙂

In 2 days this thread will celebrate its 2nd anniversary!!👍Bet the thread starter wouldnt have expected this!! 😛

 

[hot]

thank u drasn and pb2007 for the reference..

in the lungs, oxygenation of Hb promotes dissocitation of H+ from Hb, this shifts equilibrium toward CO2 formation; therefore, CO2 is released from RBC's (Haldane effect).

in the peripheral tissue, high H+ from tissue metabolism shifts curve to the right, unloading O2 (bohr effect).

so the answer is

2]movement of HCO3- ions from rbc to plasma