Lets discuss questions of NBDE 1

[d dimps]

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1). .Which angle does a P Wave makes on ECG?
a). .45 degree
b). .180 degree
c). .0 degree
d). .-45 degree
e). .-180 degree.

2). .What is endogenous cholesterol? Most endogenous cholesterol is converted to?
a). .Glucose
b). .Cholic acid
c). .Steroid
d). .Oxaloacetete
e). .Ketone bodies

3). .Which of the following statement is correct regarding Glioblastoma multiforme?
a). .the tumor is most common before puberty
b). .it is classified as a type of meningioma
c). .it is most common type of Astrocytoma.
d). .Its prognosis is generally more favourablethan Grade 1 astrocytoma.
e). .It is derived from the epithelial lining of ventricles

4). .Which of the following pathological changes is irreversible?
a). .fatty changes in liver cells
b). .karyolysis in myocardial cells
c). .glycogen deposition in hepatocyte nuclei
d). .hydropic vacuolization of renal tubular epithelial cells.

5). .An example of Synergism is the effect of?
a). .insulin and glucagon on blood glucose
b). .estrogen and progesterone on uterine motility
c). .growth hormone and thyroxine on skeletal growth.
d). .Antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone on potassium excretion.

 

[Svetlana]

Patient is found to have an injury to spinal accessory nerve in post.triangle of the neck.It will cause paralysis of
1.trapezius
2.sternocleidomastoideus
3.bla-bla-bla

Is there any reason both options are given???

 

[deck]

Ingestion of which following most markedly affect the rate of gastric emptying?
1) FAT
2) protein...why is not protein, I thought stomach digest protein most


Thank you guys...Sorry to keep posting questions---> I have no time.

 

[Svetlana]

Guys,can smb drop me a link or explain relationship between primary molars and 1st perm.molar("end to end",what is it?what others??????

Thanks!

 

[deck]

Patient is found to have an injury to spinal accessory nerve in post.triangle of the neck.It will cause paralysis of
1.trapezius
2.sternocleidomastoideus
3.bla-bla-bla

Is there any reason both options are given???

On Netter's head and neck anatomy for denstistry, page109, It said
in the leision of CN11 located in the post triangle, the STM muscle is unaffected but the trapezius muscle is deinnervated. But the answer provided from deck testlet case 9 and 5 answer is STM...I do not know which is right

 

[bratdoc]

Ingestion of which following most markedly affect the rate of gastric emptying?
1) FAT
2) protein...why is not protein, I thought stomach digest protein most


Thank you guys...Sorry to keep posting questions---> I have no time.

Fats inhibit gastric emptying.... it is not about what can stomach digest the most!.... Greater quantity of fats in the diet ALways slow down gastric empyting!

 

[bratdoc]

during oxidative phosphorylation, the energetically unfavorable proton is created using energy from which following?
1) Electron transfer
2)ATP hydrolysis....why is not this answer, since there's a ATP pump on Electron transport chain

Thanks a lot, really appreciate it....can not wait to finish this exam ><

Because the question is asking "energetically unfavorable proton is created using energy from".... This is done by Electron transfer..... LATER when the proton has been created the energy is used to drive the process of ATP hydrolysis!

 

[Svetlana]

Also sorry guys for only posting the Q!
Exam is coming!
Really need your help!

 

[bratdoc]

Would like to know, how can we treat hyperpolarization of nerve as well as hypopolarization of nerve ,,any idea !! is it by eflux of ions or what !
Thanks

Well i kind of understand what you want to know
So let me just write down a few things
HYPOPOLARIZTION
-Negative afterpotential
-EPSP
-Cells are Hyperexcitable


HYPERPOLARIZATION
-Positive afterpotential
-IPSP
-Cells are Hypoexcitable

So i guess any of these and their reasons will solve the problem! Hope this helps

Do correct me if i am wrong.. this is a confusing topic

 

[bratdoc]

Hey guys could not understand the answer to this question


Which of the following will most likely be INCREASED in a pateint with Hyperparathyroidism?
a.Intestinal Calcium absorption
b.Intestinal organic Phosphate absorption
c.Renal Calcitriol production
d.Renal Calcium excretion
e.Renal organic Phosphate excretion

(this is Q.363 from L-Pilot exam)

HI guys i am sorry to raise this question again but right now i was going through Kaplan review and saw the effects of PTH
- i agree PTH acts on intestinal absorbption indirectly
-BUt it is written there in the Endocrine physiology chapter that
"Effects on the kidney. PTH acts directly to promote Ca tubular reabsorption and phosphate ecretion"
In the left column also this is what is written-
"Increases calcium reabsorption in the distal nephron, decreasing calcium excretion"

Now i will have to mug up the ASDA answer but would like someone to explain me how is that true??? any reference would be great also

 

[teethie]

as it is there is no relatinoship between primary and permanenet. it is only flush terminal plane in primary molars between max and mandibular where the both lie end to end.
in permanent, man 1st molar comes mesiaaly to develop into class 1 relation.

Guys,can smb drop me a link or explain relationship between primary molars and 1st perm.molar("end to end",what is it?what others??????

Thanks!

 

[teethie]

---

From dental decks testlets

When viewed from the saggital plane and progressing anteriorly , the axial inclination of the anterior teeth should :
1.remain vertical
2.incline facially(my ans)-----------agree👍
3.mesially
4.distally
5.lingually(ANS Why???)

 

[Svetlana]

as it is there is no relatinoship between primary and permanenet. it is only flush terminal plane in primary molars between max and mandibular where the both lie end to end.
in permanent, man 1st molar comes mesiaaly to develop into class 1 relation.

Teethy!!!!
Can you please be more specific!

 

[pb2007]

doubtful ques
primary cementum possesess
1 lacunae
2 lamellae....answer
3canaliculi
4cementocytes
what is primary and secondary cementum .i jst kno that cellular cementum has lacunae ???
GOT ANSWER FOR THIS ONE
http://www1.umn.edu/dental/courses/dent_5725/cementum.html


during active eruption ,bone formation is often seen at the base of the socket .this newly formed bone is usually in form of
1osteons
2compact bone
radiating trabeculae
horizontal trabeculae ....answer
could'nt find anything relevant for horizontal trabeculae,does anyone have any idea what these r?

which of following bony nchanges dominate during tooth eruption
1apposition on surface of alveolar crest and apposition on socket fundus......answer
2apposition on the surface of the alveolar crest and resoption on the socket fundus
3 resorption on surface of the alveolar crest and apposition on the socket fundus
4resorption on the surface of the alveolar crest and resorption on the socket fundus.

can anyone explain why 1st choice is the answer n not 4 .

these ques are frm anatomy packet B and C

 

[teethie]

....@svetlana, i do not remember exactly , if u can please check some pedo book or ortho book, you will find the exact concept.

@pb2007: see below

QUOTE=pb2007;10137488]doubtful ques

which of following bony nchanges dominate during tooth eruption
1apposition on surface of alveolar crest and apposition on socket fundus......answer
2apposition on the surface of the alveolar crest and resoption on the socket fundus
3 resorption on surface of the alveolar crest and apposition on the socket fundus
4resorption on the surface of the alveolar crest and resorption on the socket fundus.----------all i think is if there is resorption at alveolar surface and socket fundus, where the tooth get stabilised against. tooth will move mesial or distal then. and also cribriform plate is required to hold tooth in the socket so we do not need resorption there but apposition.

can anyone explain why 1st choice is the answer n not 4 .

these ques are frm anatomy packet B and C[/QUOTE]

 

[deck]

Because the question is asking "energetically unfavorable proton is created using energy from".... This is done by Electron transfer..... LATER when the proton has been created the energy is used to drive the process of ATP hydrolysis!

Thank u bratdoc...really appreciate it...👍👍👍
does that mean the unfavorable H toward outer membrane, and ATP will pump H+ in (how come the cell will prefer low pH)?

 

[deck]

Teethy!!!!
Can you please be more specific!

take a look the pic on deck pag205 for dental anatomy, they have really good picture for that!
I think end to end relationship in kids is similar to adult class II like protrude. Later on, if the kids' teeth move mesially--> lateral mesial shift, it will create adult class I, if the teeth did not shift, the person will have class II biting...hope this help ^^ good luck on ur studyin

 

[deck]

When viewed from the proximal, which of the following permanent teeth appears to be aligned in its arch with the axial inclination of its roots most nearly vertical?

1. Maxillary first molar
2. Mandibular second molar
3. Maxillary first premolar...why is this one

From a proximal view, which of the following permanent teeth tends to be positioned in the arch with its axis most nearly vertical?

1. Maxillary canine..why?????????????????????
2. Maxillary lateral incisor
3. Maxillary central incisor
4. Mandibular lateral incisor
5. Mandibular central incisor

The mesial surface of the crown is almost parallel to the long axis and the root of a

1. maxillary first premolar.....how come is not this
2. mandibular second premolar.
3. maxillary canine.
4. mandibular canine

I guess I got confused about why parallel to the long axisis not same as appears to be aligned in its arch with the axial inclination of its roots most nearly vertical? Sorry to ask this kind of dump Qs, but I got rong several times on practice exam..any good way to access this kind of Q???

 

[pb2007]

....@svetlana, i do not remember exactly , if u can please check some pedo book or ortho book, you will find the exact concept.

@pb2007: see below

QUOTE=pb2007;10137488]doubtful ques

which of following bony nchanges dominate during tooth eruption
1apposition on surface of alveolar crest and apposition on socket fundus......answer
2apposition on the surface of the alveolar crest and resoption on the socket fundus
3 resorption on surface of the alveolar crest and apposition on the socket fundus
4resorption on the surface of the alveolar crest and resorption on the socket fundus.----------all i think is if there is resorption at alveolar surface and socket fundus, where the tooth get stabilised against. tooth will move mesial or distal then. and also cribriform plate is required to hold tooth in the socket so we do not need resorption there but apposition.

can anyone explain why 1st choice is the answer n not 4 .

these ques are frm anatomy packet B and C

[/QUOTE]
thanks teethie .

 

[deck]

[SIZE=+1]
[/SIZE]
In intercuspal position, a maxillary lateral incisor opposes: (a) the incisal edge of a mandibular lateral incisor; (b) both mesial and distal marginal ridges of a mandibular lateral incisor; (c) the distal marginal ridge of a mandibular lateral incisor; (d) a mandibular canine.

1. (a) and (b)
2. (a) and (d)
3. (b) and (c)
4. (b) and (d)
5. (c) and (d)....first reflex I will choose this one...haha

I think this Q is tricky, and I got this, maybe u guys want to take a look ^^

 

[Svetlana]

What is skeletal muscle triad?
In different tests there are dif.answers!

 

[pb2007]

What is skeletal muscle triad?
In different tests there are dif.answers!

In the histology of skeletal muscle, a triad is the structure formed by a T tubule with a sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) known as the terminal cisterna on either side.[1] Each skeletal muscle fiber has many thousands of triads, visible in muscle fibers that have been sectioned longitudinally. (This property holds because T tubules run perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the muscle fiber.) In mammals, triads are typically located at the A-I junction;[1] that is, the junction between the A and I bands of the sarcomere, which is the smallest unit of a muscle fiber.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_(anatomy)

 

[pb2007]

Thank u bratdoc...really appreciate it...👍👍👍
does that mean the unfavorable H toward outer membrane, and ATP will pump H+ in (how come the cell will prefer low pH)?

protons are being pumped into the intramembranous area of the mitochondria ,this proton accumulation outside creates the potential difference between inner matrix n intramembranous membrane that will move protons back inside with the help of atp synthase .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiosmosis
The complete breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen is called cellular respiration. The last steps of this process occur in mitochondria. The reduced molecules NADH and FADH2 are generated by the Krebs cycle and glycolysis. These molecules pass electrons to an electron transport chain, which uses the energy released to create a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP synthase then uses the energy stored in this gradient to make ATP. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation because oxygen is the final electron acceptor and the energy released by reducing oxygen to water is used to phosphorylate ADP and generate ATP.The complete breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen is called cellular respiration. The last steps of this process occur in mitochondria. The reduced molecules NADH and FADH2 are generated by the Krebs cycle and glycolysis. These molecules pass electrons to an electron transport chain, which uses the energy released to create a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP synthase then uses the energy stored in this gradient to make ATP. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation because oxygen is the final electron acceptor and the energy released by reducing oxygen to water is used to phosphorylate ADP and generate ATP.

 

[Svetlana]

In the histology of skeletal muscle, a triad is the structure formed by a T tubule with a sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) known as the terminal cisterna on either side.[1] Each skeletal muscle fiber has many thousands of triads, visible in muscle fibers that have been sectioned longitudinally. (This property holds because T tubules run perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the muscle fiber.) In mammals, triads are typically located at the A-I junction;[1] that is, the junction between the A and I bands of the sarcomere, which is the smallest unit of a muscle fiber.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_(anatomy)

Thanks a lot!!!

 

[elmos]

does anyone know what type of congenital defects are prone to endocarditis other than tetralgy of fallope

 

[IMFdoc]

Q..The lymph vessels that drain both the dental arches connect directly with which of the following nodes?
A. submandibular
B> deep cervical
c.sublingual
D.retropharyngeal
E.superficial cervical

The answer is A...but i think it should be B..because lower ant teeth drain into submental.... and rest into sub mandibular> sub mandibular and submental drain into deep cervical...please answer..😕

 

[Svetlana]

Q..The lymph vessels that drain both the dental arches connect directly with which of the following nodes?
A. submandibular
B> deep cervical
c.sublingual
D.retropharyngeal
E.superficial cervical

The answer is A...but i think it should be B..because lower ant teeth drain into submental.... and rest into sub mandibular> sub mandibular and submental drain into deep cervical...please answer..😕

No,only lower incisors drain into submental,all other teeth into submandibular (directly) and then into deep cervical

 

[Svetlana]

Could you explain the mechanism?
After subcutaneous implantation of salivary and pancreas glands,during having a meal only pancreas will release enz.?

 

[pb2007]

Q..The lymph vessels that drain both the dental arches connect directly with which of the following nodes?
A. submandibular
B> deep cervical
c.sublingual
D.retropharyngeal
E.superficial cervical

The answer is A...but i think it should be B..because lower ant teeth drain into submental.... and rest into sub mandibular> sub mandibular and submental drain into deep cervical...please answer..😕

you are rite IMFdoc but the ques asks dental arches connect directly with which so answer is submandibular ..

 

[pb2007]

Could you explain the mechanism?
After subcutaneous implantation of salivary and pancreas glands,during having a meal only pancreas will release enz.?

i think its coz salivary glands hav secretory control of parasympathetic n sympathetic while pancreas release insulin wen they moniter the level of glucose in blood .

 

[Svetlana]

i think its coz salivary glands hav secretory control of parasympathetic n sympathetic while pancreas release insulin wen they moniter the level of glucose in blood .

Mmmm,it makes sense!Thank you!

 

[pb2007]

does anyone know what type of congenital defects are prone to endocarditis other than tetralgy of fallope

kaplan mentions aortic valve stenosis or atresia can also lead to endocarditis .
check page no 169 of kapaln review under cvs chap for patho .

 

[pb2007]

why unconjugated bilirubin elevated in hemolytic anemia why not conjugated.
can anyone explain this???

 

[elmos]

thanks pb2007
the unconjigated is elevated because u have excess breakdown in hemolytic anemia and the liver can't process it all so u'll have raise in unconjugated correct me if i'm wrong.

 

[Svetlana]

thanks pb2007
the unconjigated is elevated because u have excess breakdown in hemolytic anemia and the liver can't process it all so u'll have raise in unconjugated correct me if i'm wrong.

Agree!

 

[anniemirza]

The three portal venous sytems are:
hepatic,hypophyseal....n one more?????
cant recollect that??

 

[pb2007]

does anyone know what type of congenital defects are prone to endocarditis other than tetralgy of fallope

thnks elmos,
check ques no 83 frm july 1989 released exm for micro,ur answer is there.

 

[pb2007]

what is the difference between allosteric modifier,allosteric inhibition n non compititive inhibition😕

 

[deck]

The three portal venous sytems are:
hepatic,hypophyseal....n one more?????
cant recollect that??

Is it the one in the kidney???...correct me if u think my answer is wrong ^^

 

[anniemirza]

Is it the one in the kidney???...correct me if u think my answer is wrong ^^

Oh kidneys! u are right👍!Thanx alot deck.

 

[anniemirza]

what is the difference between allosteric modifier,allosteric inhibition n non compititive inhibition😕

check out this links....mite be helpful for u.
http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/enzyme-kinetics.html
http://www.dmcg.edu/phpbb2/lofiversion/index.php/t736.html

 

[elmos]

thanks pb2007 a lot for the answer.
what type of cleaning agent can kills spore in dental office any idea?

 

[pb2007]

thanks pb2007 a lot for the answer.
what type of cleaning agent can kills spore in dental office any idea?

steam sterilization
thanks for the links annie .

 

[anniemirza]

thanks pb2007 a lot for the answer.
what type of cleaning agent can kills spore in dental office any idea?

CLEANING AGENTS:
Glutaraldehyde and Formaldehyde
For glutaraldehyde resistant spores-Ortho-phthalaldehyde
Hydrogen peroxide.

 

[Mulberry Tooth]

True or false?

Fatty acid synthesis involves two carbon additions primarily from acetyl-CoA.

 

[anniemirza]

True or false?

Fatty acid synthesis involves two carbon additions primarily from acetyl-CoA.

FALSE
Fatty acid synthesis is the creating of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA

 

[ibeflossin]

A 12-year-old boy has had multiple episodes of ear pain accompanied by fever. On examination his right tympanic membrane is red and bulging with yellow exudate. Laboratory studies of the exudate show culture positive for Hemophilus influenzae. A year later he has conductive hearing loss on the right, and a head CT scan shows a mass in the right middle ear. Which of the following materials is most likely to be seen in the tissue curetted from his middle ear?
A Lipofuscin
B Russell bodies
C Neutrophils
D Cholesterol crystals
E Anthracotic pigment

The answer is D. The lipid from the red cell membranes is broken down and cholesterol crystals form. The boy has the complication of otitis media known as a cholesteatoma.

A 59-year-old woman had the loss of consciousness that persisted for over an hour. When she becomes arousable, she cannot speak nor move her right arm or leg. A cerebral angiogram revealed an occlusion to her left middle cerebral artery. Months later, a computed tomographic (CT) scan shows a large 5 cm cystic area in her left parietal lobe cortex. This CT finding is most likely the consequence of resolution from which of the following cellular events?
A Liquefactive necrosis
B Atrophy
C Coagulative necrosis
D Caseous necrosis
E Apoptosis

Answer is A: She had a 'stroke' with loss of brain tissue. The brain undergoes liquefactive necrosis with infarction. As it resolves, macrophaes remove the dead cells and debria, leaving a cystic area that forms in the region of infarction.

 

[pb2007]

thanks for putting those gud ques ibeflossin,
can you plz help me with the reasoning of these ques .
hemodynamics of flow in tooth pulp are most likely analogous to those in the
1 heart
2 lungs
3 cranium.....answer [why??}
4 liver
5 gut

vagal stimulation in mammalian heart has primarily rate effect becAUSE
1 acetycholine has little direct effect on contractility of heart muscle .
2 there are few vagal endings distributed to mammalian ventricles
3 acetylcholine is not liberated in effective amount sat vagal endings in mamalian ventricles
4 sympathetic effects cancel those of vagus.
2 choice is the answer mentioned but effect of vagal is more dominant than sympathetic ,actually i dont understand what ques is asking .

 

[anniemirza]

thanks for putting those gud ques ibeflossin,
can you plz help me with the reasoning of these ques .
hemodynamics of flow in tooth pulp are most likely analogous to those in the
1 heart
2 lungs
3 cranium.....answer [why??}
4 liver
5 gut

vagal stimulation in mammalian heart has primarily rate effect becAUSE
1 acetycholine has little direct effect on contractility of heart muscle .
2 there are few vagal endings distributed to mammalian ventricles
3 acetylcholine is not liberated in effective amount sat vagal endings in mamalian ventricles
4 sympathetic effects cancel those of vagus.
2 choice is the answer mentioned but effect of vagal is more dominant than sympathetic ,actually i dont understand what ques is asking .

The net rate of fluid movement across the microvascular endothelium is govermed by hydrostatic and protein osmotic pressures operating on each side of the vessel wall. These basic forces regulating the pulpal transmicrovascular fluid exchange are the same as in other tissues. However, the pulp is special in regard to its enclosement between rigid dentin walls, just like that of the cranium implying low interstitial compliance.

 

[ibeflossin]

thanks for putting those gud ques ibeflossin,
can you plz help me with the reasoning of these ques .
hemodynamics of flow in tooth pulp are most likely analogous to those in the
1 heart
2 lungs
3 cranium.....answer [why??}
4 liver
5 gut

possibly has something to do w/ the plexus of blood vessels in the pulp (i.e. arteriovenous anastamoses) similar to that in the cranium (i.e. anastamoses w/ the different sinuses, or the circle of willis)? that's really the only thing i can think of.

vagal stimulation in mammalian heart has primarily rate effect becAUSE
1 acetycholine has little direct effect on contractility of heart muscle .
2 there are few vagal endings distributed to mammalian ventricles
3 acetylcholine is not liberated in effective amount sat vagal endings in mamalian ventricles
4 sympathetic effects cancel those of vagus.
2 choice is the answer mentioned but effect of vagal is more dominant than sympathetic ,actually i dont understand what ques is asking .

i think it's asking "why does vagal stimulation in the heart have primarily a RATE effect", so why does the vagus nerve stimulate HR? so you know the R vagus stimulates the SA node, so it's just asking why is the rate affected more... & it's because SA node is the pacemaker of the heart & the reason it's a pacemaker of the heart is because there isn't very much innervation to the ventricles. hope this helps. **vagus nerve will decrease HR fyi.

 

[Autoclave12]

I am new to this forum. now onwards i wud like to participate in discussion.Can anyone answer these Questions:

1. Pt jaw is deviating to right. which is effected?
a. Rt lateral pterygoid on rotation
b. Rt lateral pterygoid on translation
c. Lft lateral pterygoid on rotation
d. Lft lateral pterygoid on translation

2. Test used in forensic medicine
a. northen blot
b. southern blot
c. western blot

3. A tissue which is not responded to cell replication & growth
a. necrosis
b. apoptosis

4. In famine & starvation, pts has pitting edema in their ankles due to
a. malfunction of lymphatics
b. Decreased serum protein
c. Increased Sodium in cells

5. Pt with hysterectomy is more prone to
a. vertebral fracture
b. renal failure
c. lung cancer

6. bone in scar tssue. the process is
a. dysplasia
b. metaplasia
c. neoplasia
d. anaplasia

7. Innate immunity include all except
a. lysosomes
b. B cells
c. Ph of stomach
d. proteases of GI tract
e. cells of respiratory system