"The beatings will continue until morale improves." - Program Director
As
@SouthernSurgeon says, most people are parroting information they heard from people and sometimes from decades ago.
I'd take a different approach. I think that a lot of this is about expectations and fit. Just because you are a rock star medical student and just because you have a reasonable shot at getting into a 'big name' program, doesn't mean that you should go to one. For example, those two programs that SS mentions have a huge rep for being 'malignant' while simultaneously being leaders in the field. They are academic powerhouses, big programs, with big names. They have high expectations of their residents and largely function in a well establish hierarchy model. There are a lot of people that will thrive in that system. Others, not so much. No surgery program is going to be fluffy clouds, rainbows and unicorns, but many, even academic institutions will be less gogogo/high intensity. I honestly believe that the vast majority of programs that are considered 'malignant' fall into this dichotomy.
how about what are some common things you see in programs that are malignant? like what are the warning signs
However, there are some places that are actually bad places to work and are places to stay away from. They tend to not be well advertised or even widely known, but the signs are all there. Red flag: inexplicable attrition. Most surgery programs will lose residents from time to time. It comes with a long, hard and demanding residency. But, if it is happening in every single class, something is up. People may not talk about it, but the signs are often there, how many residents are 'fills' from other programs that started as PGY3s or higher? Are the upper level classes different sizes. (Real example: PGY5 - 6 residents, PGY4 - 3 residents, PGY3 - 5 residents) Some variablity can be accounted for by people doing fellowships or research years, but it can also be from people leaving. More obvious example would be, while you are interviewing, obvious tension between residents or between residents and faculty. I actually heard on the interview trail: "Ya, I hate that bitch." from one resident referring to another seated at the other end of the table.