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[akg]

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After an automobile accident , a patient's chin deviates to the left on opening mouth widely.His mandible is probably fractured at which of the following points?

a. genial tubercle
b.left condyolar neck
c.right condylar neck
d.left mental foramen
e.right mental foramen

post the correct anwer and justify it with right explanation

 

[pendejodo]

[ hello everyone if you have to decided b/w mylohyodeo and lateral pterigoid which muscle will be only elevator of the mandibule very hard choice because both are no primary elevators is this question drive me crazy in the test I kwon we have to pick the closes one but both are incorrect ans can someone help with this was in one 2000 unrealesed? asap

 

[anteater831]

What part is commonly mistaken as calculus?

 

[styloid]

[ hello everyone if you have to decided b/w mylohyodeo and lateral pterigoid which muscle will be only elevator of the mandibule very hard choice because both are no primary elevators is this question drive me crazy in the test I kwon we have to pick the closes one but both are incorrect ans can someone help with this was in one 2000 unrealesed? asap

Hi, take my word for it i am quite sure it is mylohyoid and the reason for this is that lateral pterygoid has two heads and its actions work along with medial for side to side motion ,so its like it has some fibers helping or working with medial pterygoid I hope u get what I am trying to say over here. yet again any arguments on this is always welcome 👍

 

[Rossu]

ans of ques no.137 is e

 

[styloid]

2000 Unrld micro path paper answer keys according to me (I could be going wrong some where if so any corrections r welcome )

1-very controvertial , according to me answer is a
2-a
3-b
4-a
5-c
6-c
7-d
8-d
9-c
10-c
11-b
12-b
13-b
14-e
15-e
16-d
17-c
18-e
19-b
20-a
21-e
22-b
23-e
24-c
25-e
26-d
27-d
28-b
29-b
30-d
31-d
32-a
33-b
34-e
35-b 😕
36-c
37-c
38-c
39-c
40-e
41-c
42-d
43-d
44-c
45-d
46-d
47-e
48-e
49-a
50-e

 

[RocknSun]

29) d

The type of hemolytic reaction displayed on blood agar has long been used to classify the streptococci. Beta -hemolysis is associated with complete lysis of red cells surrounding the colony, whereas alpha-hemolysis is a partial or "green" hemolysis associated with reduction of red cell hemoglobin. Nonhemolytic colonies have been termed gamma-hemolytic. Hemolysis is affected by the species and age of red cells, as well as by other properties of the base medium. Group A streptococci are nearly always beta-hemolytic; related Group B can manifest alpha, beta or gamma hemolysis. Most strains of S. pneumoniae are alpha-hemolytic but can cause ß-hemolysis during anaerobic incubation. Most of the oral streptococci and enterococci are non hemolytic. The property of hemolysis is not very reliable for the absolute identification of streptococci, but it is widely used in rapid screens for identification of S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae

 

[styloid]

51-c
52-d
53-d
54-e
55-a
56-c
57-b
58-e
59-b
60-b
61-a
62-a
63-a
64-d
65-e
66-a
67-e
68-c
69-a
70-e
71-a
72-b
73-c
74-a
75-c
76-a 😕
77-a
78-b
79-a
80-b
81-b
82-c
83-e
84-c

 

[styloid]

29) d

The type of hemolytic reaction displayed on blood agar has long been used to classify the streptococci. Beta -hemolysis is associated with complete lysis of red cells surrounding the colony, whereas alpha-hemolysis is a partial or "green" hemolysis associated with reduction of red cell hemoglobin. Nonhemolytic colonies have been termed gamma-hemolytic. Hemolysis is affected by the species and age of red cells, as well as by other properties of the base medium. Group A streptococci are nearly always beta-hemolytic; related Group B can manifest alpha, beta or gamma hemolysis. Most strains of S. pneumoniae are alpha-hemolytic but can cause ß-hemolysis during anaerobic incubation. Most of the oral streptococci and enterococci are non hemolytic. The property of hemolysis is not very reliable for the absolute identification of streptococci, but it is widely used in rapid screens for identification of S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae

please chk the question number77 in pilot paper and the answer given in the keys is -- alpha hemolytic

 

[RocknSun]

the ans in the key is not convincing according to material wht i read ( my above post) i think the key is wrong

 

[RocknSun]

ans for q no 60 is d
refer page no 95 kaplan review material

 

[styloid]

the ans in the key is not convincing according to material wht i read ( my above post) i think the key is wrong

May be so, but where did u get this info from ?

 

[styloid]

ans for q no 60 is d
refer page no 95 kaplan review material

which edition r u following cause i dont have it on pg 95

 

[RocknSun]

May be so, but where did u get this info from ?

http://textbookofbacteriology.net/streptococcus.html

 

[styloid]

http://textbookofbacteriology.net/streptococcus.html

well , the only thing i can say is the smart move here is, follow what the boards want u to follow cause at the end they r going to mark ur paper according to what they think is right not with what u might want to think and at the end of the think of who is going to be the looser.well any way u r the better judge do what u think is right 👍

 

[tooth germ]

14) e
20 ) a
21)e
29)d
37)c
41)c
43)d
50)e
53)d
60)d
63)a
67)e72)b
73)c
74)a
80)b
82)c
83)e


correct me if iam wrong

rocknsun

hey rocknsun thanks for ur help

 

[tooth germ]

51-c
52-d
53-d
54-e
55-a
56-c
57-b
58-e
59-b
60-b
61-a
62-a
63-a
64-d
65-e
66-a
67-e
68-c
69-a
70-e
71-a
72-b
73-c
74-a
75-c
76-a 😕
77-a
78-b
79-a
80-b
81-b
82-c
83-e
84-c

hi,
styloid
thanks for helping me.i really appreciate ur help.
can u please help me out with few more questions
2000 ant/sci
4,15,16,17,18,19,28,29,40,48,58.63,64,70,74,97
2000 bio/phy
1,4,5,6,8,9,10,12,19,29,,31,34,37,42,43,44,51,54,60,65,68,69,73,75,
2000 dent/ant
3,6,11,14,15,16,17,18,21,22,25,26,28,30,34,37,43,44,46,51,53,54,56,59,62,
65,66,70,71,74,76,79,83,84,88,89,91,92,93,99,100
lots of questions na,but i am confused with the answers.

 

[jal_30]

After an automobile accident , a patient's chin deviates to the left on opening mouth widely.His mandible is probably fractured at which of the following points?

a. genial tubercle
b.left condyolar neck
c.right condylar neck
d.left mental foramen
e.right mental foramen

post the correct anwer and justify it with right explanation

right condylar fracture due to when opening mouth musle attached on head on other side move it

 

[richa sharma]

right condylar fracture due to when opening mouth musle attached on head on other side move it

this is left condylar #...rt. lat.pterygoid is intact and will move the jaw to left on contraction/opening of mouth....

if it deviated to right...it would be rt.side #.....very simple.

regards,
richa

 

[richa sharma]

Hi,
Was going thro' Q BAnk..found this very confusing..can someone pls explain in a simplified manner...

The clearance of several substances was measured at a constant glomerular filtration rate and constant urine flow rate, but at increasing plasma concentrations of the substance. Under these conditions, clearance will increase at high plasma concentrations for which of the following substances?
A. Creatinine
B. Mannitol
C. Penicillin
D. Phosphate
E. Urea



The correct answer is D. Clearance of a substance will change with increasing plasma concentration if that substance is secreted or reabsorbed by a facilitated mechanism. Most phosphate is reabsorbed by a facilitated sodium-phosphate cotransporter in the proximal tubule. As the concentration of phosphate increases, the transporter saturates, leaving more phosphate available for excretion.

In another ques. it said tht with urine flow rate incrase, there will be increase in urea excretion but clearence of Mannitol,creatinine,Penicillin would remain same....

pls expalin..i am all confused 😕

regards,richa

 

[lifeisshort]

Can anyone Answer these Qs? thanks

Content of GC in DNA of algae in hotspring is?
1.Normal
2.subnormal
3.high
4.intermediate

Depleted oxaloacetate means;
1.gluconeogenesis is active
2.Cori cycle is active
3.Acetyl CoA will enter kreb cycle
4.fatty acid degradation will be inhibited
5. increase ketone body synthesis

Which has the lowest threshold?
1. salty
2.bitter
3.sour
4.sweet

 

[styloid]

Hi,
Can anybody please explain,in simple terms ----
translation
transcription
transduction
Thanx!!!!

 

[NASA]

Can anyone Answer these Qs? thanks

Content of GC in DNA of algae in hotspring is?
1.Normal
2.subnormal
3.high
4.intermediate

Depleted oxaloacetate means;
1.gluconeogenesis is active
2.Cori cycle is active
3.Acetyl CoA will enter kreb cycle
4.fatty acid degradation will be inhibited
5. increase ketone body synthesis

Which has the lowest threshold?
1. salty
2.bitter
3.sour
4.sweet

hi lifeisshort,

Q . 1 . 3 i think it has already been answered in the form ...iam just writing the same thing down here...GC content is high in thermophiles and algae in hot springs are thermophiles too...so the answer is GC IS HIGH ..

Q . 2. 1 ...pyruvate carboxylase converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate...this rxn actually replenishes the TCA cycle intermediates and they provide substrate for gluconeogenesis...pyruvate DOES NOT provide substrate for gluconeogenesis..so when there is depleted oxaloacetate there must b active gluconeogenesis taking place.

Pls correct me if iam wrong..hope this helps..
all the very best..

 

[NASA]

Hi,
Can anybody please explain,in simple terms ----
translation
transcription
transduction
Thanx!!!!

In simple terms:

DNA
l
l ( transcription )
l
l
RNA
l
l ( translation )
l
l
PROTEIN

Transduction : phage mediated transfer of host DNA sequence.
there is no cell to cell contact but a bacteriophage carries
DNA sequence instead.

 

[styloid]

In simple terms:

DNA
l
l ( transcription )
l
l
RNA
l
l ( translation )
l
l
PROTEIN

Transduction : phage mediated transfer of host DNA sequence.
there is no cell to cell contact but a bacteriophage carries
DNA sequence instead.

hey thanx seems to put some burden down my head

 

[Dreyfus]

what type of collagen is found in blood vessels?

 

[NASA]

what type of collagen is found in blood vessels?

hi dreyfus..
i think collagen type VIII is found in some endothelial cells...but iam not sure abt this answer..

hi styloid,
u r most welcome...all the very best for ur exam..

 

[leodent]

answer to this q is
subclavian vein lies anterior to the scalenus anterior muscle and
subclavian artery lies posterior to scalenus anterior muscle

I have just found the following about your question: The subclavian vein lies behind the clavicle, and is not usually seen in this space (the omoclavicular or subclavian triangle) and has been seen to pass behind (not anterior) the Scalenus anterior... According this explanation, the right answer could be "Subclavian Artery". Please , confirm if it is wrong or right
Thank you.

 

[smilingjj]

Hi, does anybody know the answer for this question:

Which of the following PRIMARY teeth show the earliest evidence of calcification in utero?

a. incisors
b. canines
c. first molars
d. second molars

 

[RocknSun]

Hi, does anybody know the answer for this question:

Which of the following PRIMARY teeth show the earliest evidence of calcification in utero?

a. incisors
b. canines
c. first molars
d. second molars

ans is A ( INCISORS)

CORRECT ME IF I AM WRONG

 

[RocknSun]

ans is A ( INCISORS)

CORRECT ME IF I AM WRONG

maxillary : CI --- 4 months in utero
LI----4 AND HALF months in utero
C ----5 AND HALF months in utero
1M---5months in utero
2M---6months in utero

mandibular: CI AND LI ---- 4 AND HALF months
C AND 1M---- 5 months
2M ---- 6months

 

[richa sharma]

Hi,

I am confused again..do we get 2 or 4 ATP from anaerobic oxidation of 1 mole glucose...?
can anyone explain...
regards,
richa

 

[smilingjj]

maxillary : CI --- 4 months in utero
LI----4 AND HALF months in utero
C ----5 AND HALF months in utero
1M---5months in utero
2M---6months in utero

mandibular: CI AND LI ---- 4 AND HALF months
C AND 1M---- 5 months
2M ---- 6months

Thank you so much, RocknSun.

 

[docapd]

Depleted oxaloacetate means;
1.gluconeogenesis is active
2.Cori cycle is active
3.Acetyl CoA will enter kreb cycle
4.fatty acid degradation will be inhibited
5. increase ketone body synthesis

Q . 2. 1 ...pyruvate carboxylase converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate...this rxn actually replenishes the TCA cycle intermediates CORRECT
and they provide substrate for gluconeogenesis...???????? I DON'T THINK SO...DEGRADATION OF GLUCOSE & GLUCOSE SYNTHESIS CANNOT OCCUR AT SAME TIME.
pyruvate DOES NOT provide substrate for gluconeogenesis..so when there is depleted oxaloacetate there must b active gluconeogenesis taking place...THIS IS CORRECT

THE ANSWER IS CORRECT BUT EXPLANATION...I DON'T THINK SO...WHAT DO U SAY???

 

[leodent]

Respect question 23. The only bactericidal agent in this group is Penicillin which exert its effect interfering with the synthesis of bacterial wall when dividing or growing.

1. In a Class I occlusion the buccal cusps of maxillary teeth occlude
A. with the lingual surface of the mandibular teeth.
B. in the central fossa of the mandibular teeth.(ans)
C. with the top of the buccal cusp of the mandibular teeth.
D. with the buccal surface of the mandibular teeth.
(bcos mesiobuccal is in mesiobuccal groove)

4. After the crown completion stage, trauma to a developing tooth may be responsible for
A. enamel hypoplasia.
B. gemination.
C. dilaceration.(ans)
D. fusion.

9. Which articular disease most often accompanies Sjögren’s syndrome?
A. Suppurative arthritis.
B. Rheumatoid arthritis.(ans)
C. Degenerative arthrosis.
D. Psoriatic arthritis.
E. Lupus arthritis.

10. Acute osteomyelitis of the mandible differs from malignant neoplasm because it
A. is asymptomatic.
B. is associated with high fever.
C. has an excellent prognosis.
D. has well defined radiographic margins.

12. The principal microorganism in aggressive periodontitis (juvenile periodontitis) is
A. porphyromonas gingivalis.
B. fusobacterium vincenti.
C. actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.
D. prevotella intermedia.(ans)

13. The objective of scaling and root planing during periodontal therapy is to remove
A. plaque, calculus, contaminated cementum and junctional epithelium.
B. plaque and calculus exclusively.
C. plaque, calculus and crevicular epithelium.
D. plaque, calculus and contaminated cementum.(ans)
E. all cementum associated with periodontitis.
(cannot be plaque and calculus exclusively, bcos one of the reasons is also to achieve a smooth surface on the root surface)

14. A patient with congestive heart failure may have
1. epistaxis.
2. shortness of breath.
3. rhinophyma.
4. pitting edema of the ankles.
A. (1) (2) (3)
B. (1) and (3)
C. (2) and (4)(ans)
D. (4) only
E. All of the above.

15. A patient presents with hypodontia, conical teeth, fine, scanty, fair hair, and an intolerance to hot weather. The most likely diagnosis is
A. achondroplasia.
B. malignant hyperthermia.
C. ectodermal dysplasia.(ans)
D. cystic fibrosis.

18. Xerostomia can result from
1. Sjögren’s syndrome.
2. radiation therapy for oral cancer.
3. antidepressant drug therapy.
4. anticholinergics (Atropine).
A. (1) (2) (3)
B. (1) and (3)
C. (2) and (4)
D. (4) only
E. All of the above.(ans)

19. The muscles used when closing the jaws to maximum intercuspation include
A. medial (internal) and lateral pterygoid, masseter, geniohyoid.
B. temporalis, medial pterygoid, masseter, geniohyoid.(ans)
C. medial pterygoid, temporalis, masseter.
D. lateral (external) pterygoid, masseter, temporalis, geniohyoid.
(geniohyoid assists in depressing the mandible- attachments genial tubercle to hyoid)

20. Hypothyroidism affects dental development by
A. causing microdontia.
B. delaying the eruption timetable.(ans)
C. causing sclerotic bone to form over the occlusal surface of erupting teeth.
D. accelerating the eruption timetable.

21. The lingual nerve contributes sensory fibers to the
1. tongue.
2. lingual surface of the mandible.
3. floor of the mouth.
4. mandibular posterior teeth.
A. (1) (2) (3)
B. (1) and (3)
C. (2) and (4)
D. (4) only
E. All of the above.(ans)
(I think the answer is A. inferior alveolar-sensory for lower posteriors)

23. Which antibiotic is chiefly bactericidal?
A. Penicillin.(ans)
B. Erythromycin.
C. Tetracycline.
D. Chloramphenicol.
E. Clindamycin.

POOR IN PHARMAC>>> dont remember the mech of action of these drugs 😳

24. The periodontium is best able to tolerate forces directed to a tooth
A. horizontally.
B. laterally.
C. obliquely.
D. vertically.(ans)

25. Abnormalities in blood clotting may be associated with a deficiency of vitamin
A. B12.
B. C.
C. E.
D. K.(ans)

26. Molecular attraction between unlike substances is called
A. adhesion.(ans)
B. cohesion.
C. syneresis.
D. absorption.

30. Cleft lip and palate usually result from
A. failure of proper union of the median and lateral nasal processes.
B. failure of the union of the median nasal process with the lateral nasal and maxillary processes.(ans)
C. anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.
D. failure of development of both the lateral nasal and maxillary processes.


Correct me if i m wrong 😀

 

[smilingjj]

Here is one more question:

Which of the following teeth is most likely to exhibit 3 pulp canals?

a. tooth #4
b. tooth #12
c. tooth #20
d. tooth #27

These are canines or premolars. Is it possible that they may have 3 root canals 😕

 

[leodent]

I think , and quoting the following :"The viscosity of blood depends on its velocity of the blood. More exactlyf ormulated, when velocity (shear rate)increases viscosity decreases. At higher velocity the disc-shaped Red Blood cells (RBC’s, erythrocytes) orient in the direction of the flow andviscosity is lower. For extremely low shear rates formation of RBC aggregates may occur, thereby increasing viscosity to very highvalues"...The high viscosity value is given to Vasa vasorum because it having a small lumen, = low velocity=> high viscosity. If I am wrong, please correct me. Thank you
"

Hi sweet gal I was thinking about RBC and o2 saturation any ways never mind pals now I'm not sure but frankly i didn't find anything about Aorta having highest viscosity 🙁 Please someone help me out

 

[RocknSun]

Here is one more question:

Which of the following teeth is most likely to exhibit 3 pulp canals?

a. tooth #4
b. tooth #12
c. tooth #20
d. tooth #27

These are canines or premolars. Is it possible that they may have 3 root canals 😕

i think the ans is

C . TOOTH#20
correct me if i am wrong

 

[leodent]

Quoting the following: "The viscosity of blood depends on itsvelocity of the blood. More exactlyformulated, when velocity (shear rate)increases viscosity decreases. Athigher velocity the disc-shaped RedBlood cells (RBC’s, erythrocytes)orient in the direction of the flow andviscosity is lower. For extremely lowshear rates formation of RBCaggregates may occur, therebyincreasing viscosity to very highvalues". I assume that, eventhough viscosity is not a function of vessels diameter, it depend in some way of velocity of the blood through the circulation system, becoming inversely to the velocity. If velocity is lower in small vessels, viscosity should be highest in there. It is just a conclusion, but I'm not pretty sure.Please, correct me if I am wrong. Thank you.

Viscocity of blood is never uniform , it varies from great arteries to capillaries.

Healthy blood varies in viscosity as it flows normally and becomes much "thinner" by the time it reaches the capillaries. It can even change viscosity locally at a given point in order to pass through a constriction.


Hence the relatively correct answer for the more viscous blood is in Aorta as they are great arteries and larger in size.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

If anyone can correct it, i welcome them , but pls justify your answer with an explanation

 

[RocknSun]

Hi,

I am confused again..do we get 2 or 4 ATP from anaerobic oxidation of 1 mole glucose...?
can anyone explain...
regards,
richa

2 ATP from anaerobic oxidation of 1 mole glucose

 

[leodent]

Yield from 1 glucose:
* 2 ATP from the glycolytic pathway (anaerobic, in cytosol),
* 2 ATP from the TCA (Tricarboxylic Acid or Kreb) cycle
* 30 ATP from oxidative phosphorilation via NADH (yield 10 NADH, and each one produces 3 ATP = 30 ATP)
* 4 ATP from oxidative phosphorilation via FADH2 (yield 2FADH2, each produces 2 ATP = 4 ATP)
in total: 36-38 (depending upon tissue)

2 ATP from anaerobic oxidation of 1 mole glucose

 

[leodent]

The least to has more than 1 root is the mandibular 2nd bicuspid which has the roundest root in the mouth (consistently one root and one canal), followed by maxillary 2nd bicuspid(one root, but could have 2) and mandibular 1st bicuspid which could have 2 roots. Eventhough maxillar 1st bicuspid (#12)has two roots, it have been seen cases with 3 roots, being the buccal one divided into mesial and distal when it happen.
It is not a rule but happen.
Thank you.

i think the ans is

C . TOOTH#20
correct me if i am wrong

 

[leodent]

The least to have more than 1 root is the mandibular 2nd bicuspid which has the roundest root of all premolars in cross section (consistently one root and one canal), followed by maxillary 2nd bicuspid(one root, but could have 2) and mandibular 1st bicuspid which could have 2 roots. Eventhough maxillar 1st bicuspid (#12)has two roots, it have been seen cases with 3 roots, being the buccal one divided into mesial and distal when it happen.
It is not a rule but happen.
Thank you.

i think the ans is

C . TOOTH#20
correct me if i am wrong

 

[NASA]

Depleted oxaloacetate means;
1.gluconeogenesis is active
2.Cori cycle is active
3.Acetyl CoA will enter kreb cycle
4.fatty acid degradation will be inhibited
5. increase ketone body synthesis

Q . 2. 1 ...pyruvate carboxylase converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate...this rxn actually replenishes the TCA cycle intermediates CORRECT
and they provide substrate for gluconeogenesis...???????? I DON'T THINK SO...DEGRADATION OF GLUCOSE & GLUCOSE SYNTHESIS CANNOT OCCUR AT SAME TIME.
pyruvate DOES NOT provide substrate for gluconeogenesis..so when there is depleted oxaloacetate there must b active gluconeogenesis taking place...THIS IS CORRECT

THE ANSWER IS CORRECT BUT EXPLANATION...I DON'T THINK SO...WHAT DO U SAY???

hi docapd,
u r right...probably i thought the answer and explanation right and didnt put it in the right words to explain it simple...i was just focussing on not to confuse by putting in too many things as an explaination and finally ended up in a explaination which is not sufficient..

here is the explaination for that Q -

Gluconeogenesis is not the exact reverse mechanism of glycolysis...there some changes in this ....

Phosphoenol pyruvate ( PEP ) ---------> pyruvate
this reaction is irreversible...
which means pyruvate CANNOT be converted to PEP again....
so wat happens is ..

pyruvate ----------> oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase...and then
oxaloacetate ---------> phosphoenol pyruvate by PEPCK ...
phosphoenol pyruvate is then converted to fructose 1,6 BP throu the reversal rxns of glycolysis ....

and Acetyl coA ( which is an important fuel of TCA cycle ) allosterically activates pyruvate carboxylase..i.e elevated levels of acetyl CoA may increase the synthesis of oxaloacetate from pyruvate..(during starvation )..the carboxylation of pyruvate also functions to replenish the TCA cycle intermediates that may become depleted according to the cell needs..so..when there is low levels of Acetyl CoA ..pyruvate carboxylase is inactive and pyruvate is oxidised in TCA cycle..

hope this helps...and sorry abt the confusion before..

 

[richa sharma]

Yield from 1 glucose:
* 2 ATP from the glycolytic pathway (anaerobic, in cytosol),
* 2 ATP from the TCA (Tricarboxylic Acid or Kreb) cycle
* 30 ATP from oxidative phosphorilation via NADH (yield 10 NADH, and each one produces 3 ATP = 30 ATP)
* 4 ATP from oxidative phosphorilation via FADH2 (yield 2FADH2, each produces 2 ATP = 4 ATP)
in total: 36-38 (depending upon tissue)

Hi,
Thanks RocknSun and LEodent....
regards,
richa

 

[RocknSun]

hey thanx seems to put some burden down my head

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Transcription.html

hope this will help u all

 

[smilingjj]

Thanks Leodent and RocknSun 🙂

The least to have more than 1 root is the mandibular 2nd bicuspid which has the roundest root of all premolars in cross section (consistently one root and one canal), followed by maxillary 2nd bicuspid(one root, but could have 2) and mandibular 1st bicuspid which could have 2 roots. Eventhough maxillar 1st bicuspid (#12)has two roots, it have been seen cases with 3 roots, being the buccal one divided into mesial and distal when it happen.
It is not a rule but happen.
Thank you.

 

[leodent]

You are right,

1. The synthesis occurs on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and begins as preprocollagen chains
2. in the RER the preprocollagen molecule is hydroxylated to form hydroxylase and peptidyl lysine
hydroxylase
3. these hydroxylysines are then glycosylated in the RER by the addition of glucose and galactose
4. 3 preprocollagen molecules align with each other and form a helical structure now called the procollagen molecule
5.procollagen molecules leave the RER and are transferred to the Golgi apparatus where they are further modified by the addition of oligosaccharides]6. the Golgi packages the procollagen and it is then transported out of the Golgi to the extracellular environment
7. in the extracellular environment proteolytic enzymes cleave the propeptides leaving the molecule shorter; the molecule is now called tropocollagen
8. tropocollagen molecules spontaneously self-assemble to form the collagen fibril, a process requiring vitamin C .

preprocollagen is in rer
procollagen in rer
triple helix in rer
hydroxylation in rer
golgi jus modifies procollagen by adding oligosachrides

this is the theory i studied

 

[richa sharma]

Hi,
how do we get 129 molecules of ATP after complete oxidation of palmitic acid...can anyone explain ..

i know tht we get 8 acetly CoA,7 NADH,7FADH2..then acetyl CoA will enter TCA..but how do we get 129??...beats me??..

another ques is tht wht does skeletal muscle use after a well fed state..In kaplan,it 1st says tht in post meal state amino acids are the major source for fuel...then later they say tht glucose and fatty acids are the major source..can someone explain?

pls help in this..

as my test date is approaching..i am getting all sort of questions...
regards,
richa

 

[leodent]

I am afraid that for Qs 8&9, the right answers are:
8.E... Glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal tube and depend upon Na+ transport.
9.B.... Muscle spindle control skeletal muscle tone whereas Golgi organ detect tension in the tendon and Afferent neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord.
Please, if I am wrong, correct me. Thank you.

HI I "ll say
4.a
5.e
6.d
7.d
8.c
9.d

 

[leodent]

For this question, the right answer is MUSCLE SPINDLE, which control muscle tone whereas Golgi organ only detect tendon tension. Thank you.

And for q 9, why is it not E? Since it says tension, should it not be golgi tendon organs. If anybody has a better explanation, please dont hesitate to put forth.
Thanks