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After an automobile accident , a patient's chin deviates to the left on opening mouth widely.His mandible is probably fractured at which of the following points?

a. genial tubercle
b.left condyolar neck
c.right condylar neck
d.left mental foramen
e.right mental foramen

post the correct anwer and justify it with right explanation
 
indianstudent said:
vasodilation and increased vasopermeability lasting for several days in an area of inflammation , indicate which of the following ?

A) thrombosis
B) release of histamine
C) Hageman factor activation
D) formation of granulation tissue
E) endothelial cell damage and disruption


i think the answer for this question is B (Release of histamine). Hageman factor has nothing to do with vascular changes which is a coagulation factor (Factor XII).



Answer is Hagemen factor activation ...pls read the choice carefully ,..it is not factor it is about activation....


you should differentiate between these two ..you cant


then go throguh this explanation....


in inflammation , activation of factor XII is brought about by contact of the factor leaking through the endothelial gaps.

Once factor XIIa is released by contact ...it releases a fragment of its own called as Prekallikrein factor....this acts on Plasma Prekallikrein and results in Kallikrein .......kallikrein acts on Kininogen and ...BRADYKININ is released at the end....


this bradykinin ..our hero in the question...is present in the early stage of inflammation which could last for several days ...unlike histamine which are present only in the early hours of the inflammation....


causing

*smooth muscle contraction
*vasodilatation
*increased vascular permeability
*pain



hope this make you understand the concept ...if not then get back tothe text books and let me know what is it written there......
 
richa sharma said:
in which condition do we find sterile cutaneous rash?




i think , we get sterile cutaneous rash in viral infections that cause vesicular eruptions such as varicella virus causing chicken pox . i don't know whether it is true for small pox also ?
in chicken pox we get fluid filled blisters . the fluid is exudate which is sterile .
i hope this helps .
all the best
 
dear sdn friends i would really appreciate if u could answer to this q
where is the largest embrasure in maxillary arch at btn
1.lateral and canine
2.canine and premolar
i used to think it was btwn lateral and canine until i checked 2006 decks which says canine and premolar.pls help
thanks
 
renjualex said:
dear sdn friends i would really appreciate if u could answer to this q
where is the largest embrasure in maxillary arch at btn
1.lateral and canine
2.canine and premolar
i used to think it was btwn lateral and canine until i checked 2006 decks which says canine and premolar.pls help
thanks

I think i'll go with decks
 
paraneoplastic syndrome is associated with small cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma
 
richa sharma said:
ok..i'll go with sq cell then...there's one more controversial ques...
in 1979 micro/patho paper...
ques no 47]Section of pyramidal tracts produces:
1]hypertonia
2]symp.hyperactivity
3]parasymp.hyperactivity
4]loss of fine voluntery control...[this is the answer..and its correct also]

but then, why not hypertonia....since sectin of pyramidal tract will mean upper motor neuron lesion..and hypertonicity is definately a sign of UMN lesions??..is it not??...can u explain this?

regards,
richa
Hey is it from released 1979,i cudn't find.not from any other
 
Rossu said:
paraneoplastic syndrome is associated with small cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma

small cell carcinoma................................correct me if i am wrong
 
Hi,
Rossu..ques is from 1979..go thro it again..
kamini..i am sure it shld be squamous cell..check the kaplan book..see in side notes and even in the chart given..PTH is for Sq cell..and ADH ,ACTH for small cell.
as for decks..how can u completely rely on them...in on of the cards it says tht nrv of 1st branchial arch is Facial nrv..its wrong...

anyways,
i have ques for everyone ..again...

in anat sc..1979 paperQ no 59:Epithelial cells of small intestine show surface modification known as:
ans given is striated border...
how??...can someone explain...
"villi" are not given in any the choice..

Q 83] of the structures on the apical end of a partially erupted central incisor,which of the follo. was formed 1st?
1] primary cuticle
2]2ndary cuticle
3]stellate reticulum
4] str. intermedium
5]Inner dental epi.

ans is 5..in ans keys...
I didnt the get the ques...can somone explain pls....

few more doubts:
1] If we are asked about wht is responsible for maintaining muscle tone..wht shld be the right ans??..is it muscle spindle and a-motor fibres,GTO,Cerebral structures,g-motor fibres
I remeber reading this ques somewhere in old papers..but all the choices were given separately..had to choose only one....But all the choices are concerned with maintaining muscle tone...so wht sld we mark??...muscle spindle???

2] In flash cards it syas..tht muscle spindle manage both tension and length..???....now is this right..or needs correction?

pls answer soon..

the clock is ticking away...
 
1) What is lateral boundary of retromandi space? Is it parotid?

2) What is usually mistaken for subgingival calculus?
option: Concrescent teeth, dens in dente...

3) Where would carcinoma of larynx affect?

Can anyone help me with thesE?
 
2004 Pilot 334.
Following prophylactic administration of amoxicillin, a patient becomes hypotensive and itchy and is having difficulty breathing. Which of the following is MOST probably occurring?

A. CD4 Lymphocytes are secreting lymphokines resulting in edema
B. Amoxicillin reacts with IgE and activates cytotoxic T cells to release lymphokines
C. Ig and Complement are inducing the chemotaxis of neutrophils out of vessels.
D. IgE bound to antigen results in histamine relese from Mast Cells?
The anser is B. Why not D?
Could anyone explain? Thanks
 
Which of the following causes the most dramatic change in normal oral flora? 1.Primary teeth eruption,
2. permanent teeth eruption
3. introduction to food
4.puberty


What do you give for hypochromic RBC?


Which is NOT true of chlamydia trachmatis?
1.Most common STD in U.S.
2.sympomatic in females,
3. asymptomatic in males
 
1)primary teeth eruption
3) asymptomatic in females
symptomatic in males
so ,the second and third both statements are not true

i did not understood the second question.
can u please explain to me in which context ur asking the question.
please correct me if i am wrong
thanks


panamh said:
Which of the following causes the most dramatic change in normal oral flora? 1.Primary teeth eruption,
2. permanent teeth eruption
3. introduction to food
4.puberty


What do you give for hypochromic RBC?


Which is NOT true of chlamydia trachmatis?
1.Most common STD in U.S.
2.sympomatic in females,
3. asymptomatic in males
 
In anat paper july 1982,ques no 18] ..acc to answer key, Greater petrosal nerve carries parasym..[agreed]..and GV"A" fibres[????]..should't it be GVE fibres??

also, one very silly doubt..
is adr medulla also considered as endocrine gland...? 😳
 
richa sharma said:
In anat paper july 1982,ques no 18] ..acc to answer key, Greater petrosal nerve carries parasym..[agreed]..and GV"A" fibres[????]..should't it be GVE fibres??

also, one very silly doubt..
is adr medulla also considered as endocrine gland...? 😳


whats wrong with you......

i think you are always watching your clock

dont do that...then you dont get such silly doubts

when in doubt do it zidane's way ...headbutting......


Whoe supra renal gland is an endocrine gland..
 
richa sharma said:
In anat paper july 1982,ques no 18] ..acc to answer key, Greater petrosal nerve carries parasym..[agreed]..and GV"A" fibres[????]..should't it be GVE fibres??

also, one very silly doubt..
is adr medulla also considered as endocrine gland...? 😳

Greater petrosal N carries parasympathetic fibers (GVE), taste fibers from the palate (SVA) and sensory fibers for the pharynx (GVA).
Hope it helps.
 
Q55] Sympathetic innervation to head and neck structures in distributed via:

A]Blood vessels
B]Cranial nerves 3,7,9,10..
is it B?

The answer for this is A because sympathetic innervation to the head and neck comes from the supeior cervical ganglion and it travels to the head by means of nervous plexus around arteries-major one being around the internal carotid (carotid plexus).

Q83] If LA was deposited perygopalatine fossa..which would be anesthetised?

A]V-2
B]V-3
C]Facial

wht is correct?..A or C...cause V-2 and greater petrosal of facial are both there..shld it be maxillary since entire facial wont get anesthesised?

Answer is A. I think C reffers to the whole Facial nerve, so I would go with A.
Hope it helps.
 
A-Which cell cycle is most variable in mammal?
a-G1
b-G2
c-G0
d-M

B-Jaw jerk reflex goes thr which ganglion?
is it mesencephalic or spinal trigeminal

C-where is trapeful M
a-medial
b-lateral
c-superior
d-inferior

D-The nerves o tthe anterior border abdominal wall lie immediately deep to which layer?
external oblique muscle
internal obl mus
transverse abd
transverse fascia
peritonium

E-Vertebral arteries unite to form basillar art on the
a-temporal
b-spenoid
c-parietal
d-frontal
e-occipital

F-Wich of the following is the feature of Y chromosome?
a-acrocentic
b-telocentric
c-submetacentric
d-metacentric
 
Culture with Y or H shaped filament organism would be?

The respiratory quotient for a person taking pure glucose as food source is how much?

Manifestation of neurofibroma I ?

Where the ulnar nerve is easily injured?

What's posterior to azygos vein?

Nerve supply to facial mucosa of lower ant. teeth

Nerve supply to facial mucosa of mandibular posterior teeth

Fluorodeoxyuridine inhibits what?

If mandibular canine on right side is lost,how does it affect protrusive contacts on the left canine?

Organism tested routinely by sanitation inspecitions for purity levels. in water

what is the TH1 and TH2 markers in lymphocytes?

What structure causes the buccal vestibule to decrease in size when the jaw is opened wide: Condyle, coronoid/hamular/ styloid process??

Osteocytic osteolysis

Whats the use of statistics of mortality of dis. cancer more than aids in usa?

Patient having normal glucose metabolism. whats the vCO2\ v O2?

CA. OF BREAST

Bacteria that causes green pus?

Oncofetal antigens?

Calculation of H+ concentration from given pH

CARCINOMA OF THYROID IS COMMON IN ?

genomic library

PAPILLOMA VIRUS 13.16- DISEASE THEY CAUSE?

What syndrome is characterized by, increased succeptibility to infection, retinal something?

A. Gardner sydrome
B. Hypothyrodism
C. Hypopitutaryism
D. Hyperthyrodism....

What characterizes Albers-Jeheurs syndrome?

thanks in advance,
rocknsun
 
-Where the ulnar nerve is easily injured?

Behind the medial epicondyle.

-What's posterior to azygos vein?

costovertebral joints(?)

-Nerve supply to facial mucosa of lower ant. teeth

Mental nerve.

-Nerve supply to facial mucosa of mandibular posterior teeth
Buccal nerve (molars) and mental nerve(Pm)
 
styloid said:
A-Which cell cycle is most variable in mammal?
a-G1
b-G2
c-G0
d-M

B-Jaw jerk reflex goes thr which ganglion?
is it mesencephalic or spinal trigeminal

C-where is trapeful M
a-medial
b-lateral
c-superior
d-inferior

D-The nerves o tthe anterior border abdominal wall lie immediately deep to which layer?
external oblique muscle
internal obl mus
transverse abd
transverse fascia
peritonium

E-Vertebral arteries unite to form basillar art on the
a-temporal
b-spenoid
c-parietal
d-frontal
e-occipital

F-Wich of the following is the feature of Y chromosome?
a-acrocentic
b-telocentric
c-submetacentric
d-metacentric



Hey,
From where do you get such questions....do we really get ques of this difficulty level in the test??..i am not able to answer any of them..maybe the 1st one is mesencephalic..
reding these type of ques..and not being able to answer them..this is really putting me down..have got my test in coming days..and i feel as if i am just not prepared?....
 
styloid said:
A-Which cell cycle is most variable in mammal?
a-G1
b-G2
c-G0
d-M

B-Jaw jerk reflex goes thr which ganglion?
is it mesencephalic or spinal trigeminal

C-where is trapeful M
a-medial
b-lateral
c-superior
d-inferior

D-The nerves o tthe anterior border abdominal wall lie immediately deep to which layer?
external oblique muscle
internal obl mus
transverse abd
transverse fascia
peritonium

E-Vertebral arteries unite to form basillar art on the
a-temporal
b-spenoid
c-parietal
d-frontal
e-occipital

F-Wich of the following is the feature of Y chromosome?
a-acrocentic
b-telocentric
c-submetacentric
d-metacentric



Hey,
From where do you get such questions....do we really get ques of this difficulty level in the test??..i am not able to answer any of them..maybe the 1st one is mesencephalic..
reading these type of ques..and not being able to answer them..this is really putting me down..have got my test in coming days..and i feel as if i am just not prepared?....
 
B-Jaw jerk reflex goes thr which ganglion?
is it mesencephalic or spinal trigeminal

A: Mesencephalic

C-where is trapeful M
a-medial
b-lateral
c-superior
d-inferior

Can't understand the question

D-The nerves o tthe anterior border abdominal wall lie immediately deep to which layer?
external oblique muscle
internal obl mus
transverse abd
transverse fascia
peritonium

A: internal oblique

E-Vertebral arteries unite to form basillar art on the
a-temporal
b-spenoid
c-parietal
d-frontal
e-occipital

A:e

F-Wich of the following is the feature of Y chromosome?
a-acrocentic
b-telocentric
c-submetacentric
d-metacentric[/QUOTE]

A: a
 
richa sharma said:
Hi,
Rossu..ques is from 1979..go thro it again..
kamini..i am sure it shld be squamous cell..check the kaplan book..see in side notes and even in the chart given..PTH is for Sq cell..and ADH ,ACTH for small cell.
as for decks..how can u completely rely on them...in on of the cards it says tht nrv of 1st branchial arch is Facial nrv..its wrong...

anyways,
i have ques for everyone ..again...

in anat sc..1979 paperQ no 59:Epithelial cells of small intestine show surface modification known as:
ans given is striated border...
how??...can someone explain...
"villi" are not given in any the choice..

Q 83] of the structures on the apical end of a partially erupted central incisor,which of the follo. was formed 1st?
1] primary cuticle
2]2ndary cuticle
3]stellate reticulum
4] str. intermedium
5]Inner dental epi.

ans is 5..in ans keys...
I didnt the get the ques...can somone explain pls....

few more doubts:
1] If we are asked about wht is responsible for maintaining muscle tone..wht shld be the right ans??..is it muscle spindle and a-motor fibres,GTO,Cerebral structures,g-motor fibres
I remeber reading this ques somewhere in old papers..but all the choices were given separately..had to choose only one....But all the choices are concerned with maintaining muscle tone...so wht sld we mark??...muscle spindle???

2] In flash cards it syas..tht muscle spindle manage both tension and length..???....now is this right..or needs correction?

pls answer soon..

the clock is ticking away...
hi richa
now, i dont know how well i have understood...........but, the book,i am going thru is says"paraneoplastic syndrome-a group of conditions in some advanced cancer cases,which is neither explained by direct or distant spread.one of them is ectopic hormone production,where hormone/hormone like substances are produced by cancer cells of NON ENDOCRINE origin.it says about 10 percent. cases of ca of lung produce ACTH or like that substances.it cannot be adenocarcinoma, and the second choice small cell carcinoma(as per my book)is a carcinoma of lungs.........................now thats my reason of this choice
plz correct me if u dont agree with ur reason
 
Jo23 said:
B-Jaw jerk reflex goes thr which ganglion?
is it mesencephalic or spinal trigeminal

A: Mesencephalic

C-where is trapeful M
a-medial
b-lateral
c-superior
d-inferior

Can't understand the question

D-The nerves o tthe anterior border abdominal wall lie immediately deep to which layer?
external oblique muscle
internal obl mus
transverse abd
transverse fascia
peritonium

A: internal oblique

E-Vertebral arteries unite to form basillar art on the
a-temporal
b-spenoid
c-parietal
d-frontal
e-occipital

A:e

F-Wich of the following is the feature of Y chromosome?
a-acrocentic
b-telocentric
c-submetacentric
d-metacentric

A: a[/QUOTE]
i agree with all ur answers but the first one in pilot paper 2004 the answer is motor nucleus of trigeminal so i am a bit confused abt it .
 
styloid said:
i agree with all ur answers but the first one in pilot paper 2004 the answer is motor nucleus of trigeminal so i am a bit confused abt it .[/QUOTE]

Your question was "Jaw jerk reflex goes thr which ganglion?is it mesencephalic or spinal trigeminal"

Answer to your question is mesencephalic.
For the jaw jerk reflex (jaw closing, masseteric)the afferent neurons have their cell bodies in the mesencephalic nucleus and synapse in the motor nucleus of V. So the question in the pilot exam is not a very good one, because both answers are right.
 
Jo23 said:
i agree with all ur answers but the first one in pilot paper 2004 the answer is motor nucleus of trigeminal so i am a bit confused abt it .

Your question was "Jaw jerk reflex goes thr which ganglion?is it mesencephalic or spinal trigeminal"

Answer to your question is mesencephalic.
For the jaw jerk reflex (jaw closing, masseteric)the afferent neurons have their cell bodies in the mesencephalic nucleus and synapse in the motor nucleus of V. So the question in the pilot exam is not a very good one, because both answers are right.[/QUOTE]

thanx for the expl


Hi Richa
these questions r from previous SDN forums
 
proteins serve as each ofthe following except
1. oxygen carriers
2. hormones
3. catalysts
4. structural elements
5. carriers of genetic information


if estradiol is synthesized from cholestrol then where should it have its receptors ? on the cytoplasmic membrane or the nuclear receptors .

plz post the answers with explanation . thanks in advance
regards
 
panamh said:
proteins serve as each ofthe following except
1. oxygen carriers
2. hormones
3. catalysts
4. structural elements
5. carriers of genetic information


if estradiol is synthesized from cholestrol then where should it have its receptors ? on the cytoplasmic membrane or the nuclear receptors .

plz post the answers with explanation . thanks in advance
regards

1st question I would say answer is 5 because DNA and RNA are carriers of genetic information.Proteins are definately 1-4, but I don't think they carry genetic info.

2nd question. Steroid hormones bind to specific cytosolic or nuclear receptors in target cell. So, their receptors are not on the cytoplasmic membrane.
But...biochem is my weakest section, so I might be wrong.
 
-carrier Of Genetic Information

Dna Does This Function Which Are Nucleic Acids

-the Nuclear Receptors
Steroid Hormones Are Lipid Soluble So Cross The Membrane And Have Their Receptors On Nuclear Membrane.
 
1.infection with histoplasma capsulatum in healthy individuals is
a.rapidly spreading
b.oppurtunistic
c.benign self limiting
d.localized in blood

2.cigarette smoking is linked to all except
a.larynx
b.pancreas
c.stomach
d.esophagus
e.urinary bladder

3.coagulase production by staph aureus is important in pathogenicity because
it establishes abcess lesion-IS IT TRUE

4.common location for atherosclerotic induced aneurysm
a.thoracic aorta
b.abdominal aorta
c.coronary artery
d.arch of aorta
e.common iliac artery

thanks















minali said:
-carrier Of Genetic Information

Dna Does This Function Which Are Nucleic Acids

-the Nuclear Receptors
Steroid Hormones Are Lipid Soluble So Cross The Membrane And Have Their Receptors On Nuclear Membrane.
 
DentalDocCa said:
1.infection with histoplasma capsulatum in healthy individuals is
a.rapidly spreading
b.oppurtunistic
c.benign self limiting
d.localized in blood

2.cigarette smoking is linked to all except
a.larynx
b.pancreas
c.stomach
d.esophagus
e.urinary bladder

3.coagulase production by staph aureus is important in pathogenicity because
it establishes abcess lesion-IS IT TRUE

4.common location for atherosclerotic induced aneurysm
a.thoracic aorta
b.abdominal aorta
c.coronary artery
d.arch of aorta
e.common iliac artery

thanks

1.c
2.e
3.true
4.b
 
The respiratory quotient for a person taking pure glucose as food source is how much? 1

Manifestation of neurofibroma I ? macules on skin



What's posterior to azygos vein? vertebrae

Nerve supply to facial mucosa of lower ant. teeth mental n.

Nerve supply to facial mucosa of mandibular posterior teeth buccal n.





What structure causes the buccal vestibule to decrease in size when the jaw is opened wide: Condyle, coronoid/hamular/ styloid process??coronoid


Patient having normal glucose metabolism. whats the vCO2\ v O2?
 
hi friends i have a q
1.articulating surface of tmj is covered by
the options are
perichondrium
hyaline
collagenous coonective tissue
i thought it was fibrous connective tissue pls help
another qq
2.a blow that shatters coracoid will affect which muscle
seratus ant and pectoralismaj
subscapularis and pectoralismaj
biceps brachhii and pectoralis minor
deltoid and subclavius
subscapularis and subclavius
pls help
another q'
3.each of the following is found on retrodiscal pad of tmj except
elastic fibers
venous plexus
collagen fibers
hyaline cartilage
loose connective tissue
 
renjualex said:
hi friends i have a q
1.articulating surface of tmj is covered by
the options are
perichondrium
hyaline
collagenous coonective tissue
i thought it was fibrous connective tissue pls help
another qq
2.a blow that shatters coracoid will affect which muscle
seratus ant and pectoralismaj
subscapularis and pectoralismaj
biceps brachhii and pectoralis minor
deltoid and subclavius
subscapularis and subclavius
pls help
another q'
3.each of the following is found on retrodiscal pad of tmj except
elastic fibers
venous plexus
collagen fibers
hyaline cartilage
loose connective tissue

1. collagenous CT
2.Biceps brachii and pectoralis minor
3.hyaline cart.
 
renjualex said:
hi friends i have a q
1.articulating surface of tmj is covered by
the options are
perichondrium
hyaline
collagenous coonective tissue
i thought it was fibrous connective tissue pls help
another qq
2.a blow that shatters coracoid will affect which muscle
seratus ant and pectoralismaj
subscapularis and pectoralismaj
biceps brachhii and pectoralis minor
deltoid and subclavius
subscapularis and subclavius
pls help
another q'
3.each of the following is found on retrodiscal pad of tmj except
elastic fibers
venous plexus
collagen fibers
hyaline cartilage
loose connective tissue
correct me if i am wrong.
 
docapd said:
The respiratory quotient for a person taking pure glucose as food source is how much? 1

Manifestation of neurofibroma I ? macules on skin


Nerve supply to facial mucosa of lower ant. teeth mental n.

Nerve supply to facial mucosa of mandibular posterior teeth buccal n.





What structure causes the buccal vestibule to decrease in size when the jaw is opened wide: Condyle, coronoid/hamular/ styloid process??coronoid
i would say the movement of condyle anteriorly

POSTERIOR TO AZYGOS --- right vagus nerve (dec 1998 -- q-27)
 
panamh said:
proteins serve as each ofthe following except
1. oxygen carriers
2. hormones
3. catalysts
4. structural elements
5. carriers of genetic information


if estradiol is synthesized from cholestrol then where should it have its receptors ? on the cytoplasmic membrane or the nuclear receptors .

plz post the answers with explanation . thanks in advance
regards

answer is oxygen carrier -- cause oxygen binds to iron and not to any protein
and for the second it is cytoplasmic .chk july 1989 paper q-12
 
Splicing is by which RNA?

Capping is by which RNA?

Increase in extracellular K leads to??

What changes r seen when muscle contracts isotonically?

Posterior wall of pterigopalatine ganglion ?
 
Jo23 said:
1. collagenous CT
2.Biceps brachii and pectoralis minor
3.hyaline cart.
thanks jo for the ans
one more q i have that reg tmj
what type of joint is tmj?
complex diarthroidal
simple diar
complex synart
simple synar
thanks in advance
 
renjualex said:
thanks jo for the ans
one more q i have that reg tmj
what type of joint is tmj?
complex diarthroidal
simple diar
complex synart
simple synar
thanks in advance

A: complex diarthroidal
 
1. non-articular surfaces of TMJ covered by...?

2.Enamel rods converge as they pass from DEJ to surface in area of...?
3. roof of orbit is by which bones....?

4] long axis of inorganic material in relation to enamel rods is oriented ..how?


these are my last ques to u all..will get back after my test...bye..
 
richa sharma said:
1. non-articular surfaces of TMJ covered by...?

2.Enamel rods converge as they pass from DEJ to surface in area of...?
3. roof of orbit is by which bones....?

4] long axis of inorganic material in relation to enamel rods is oriented ..how?


these are my last ques to u all..will get back after my test...bye..

1. fibrous CT
2. cej
3.frontal bone
4. Crystals in the center of the rod are parallel to rod.Crystals at the periphery of the rod form an acute angle with the rod.

Good luck on your exam!
 
i think articular surfaces of TMJ are covered by fibrous connective tissue and non-articular surfaces are covered by periosteum.

good luck
 
snigdha007 said:
i think articular surfaces of TMJ are covered by fibrous connective tissue and non-articular surfaces are covered by periosteum.

good luck
You're right-my mistake.
 
hey friends one q
calculus is sometmes misdaiagnosed as
fusion
dilaceration
concresence
thanks in advance
 
i think concresence as it is fusion of roots thro cementum so can be misdiagnosed as calculus


renjualex said:
hey friends one q
calculus is sometmes misdaiagnosed as
fusion
dilaceration
concresence
thanks in advance
 
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