please help me with endo terms

[malki]

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how ledge formation , zipping , transportation apical perforation , furcation involvement kook radographically and what cause these abnormalities

 

[akg]

how ledge formation , zipping , transportation apical perforation , furcation involvement kook radographically and what cause these abnormalities

ledge
zipping
apical transportation are due to improper instrumentation and cant be diagnosed radiographically

furcation involvement can be due to improper access preparation or the pathosis itself is localised in the interradicular furcation.



wrong instrument sequence during canal shaping
lack of recapitualtion during canal shaping
overzealous canal shaping can cause ledge formation, where the gutta percha or the root canal filling material is always short of the working length or even the radiographic length..

hope this helps

 

[malki]

what is real meaning of transportation ,and jipping and what type of cleaning and shaping error can lead to this pls clarify.thanks