I speak English and my parent's language fluently. I think in English, but when I pray, I use the other language. Strange huh?
I do something similar - I can only speak to certain people in my non-English-first-language (the one I spoke at home), since that's all I'm used to!
There are more levels than just these.
Fluency is near impossible for people that haven't spent years living in another country or grown up with native speakers. Yet, I don't like the term "conversational." I believe it cheapens the level of skill that I have.
I worked and taught people using French and possessed more skill than what I would consider conversational to entail. I would by no means say that I'm fluent but I don't say conversational either. To me,that implies that I listened to some tapes and can talk about the weather and the like.
I was evaluated on a scale of 10 levels. With fluency being a 10, I scored an 8. I would consider conversational to be a 5.
Well, I don't know if I agree with that.
"Conversational," IMHO, is more than just what you learn in high school/college. I feel it implies actual usage with native speakers for an extended period of time - you can tell those people who have perfected their Spanish during a year abroad, an intensive summer immersive course, etc.
"Passive" might be the skills you acquire after the requisite 3-4 years of high school Spanish and 1-2 years of college courses.
"Fluent" means you can carry on a smooth conversation with a native speaker, watch the news on TV and understand it, etc. It's almost like a second "first language." If someone starts talking to you, you can instantly pick up and respond without struggling. If you become rusty after not using this language after 6-12 months, I'd say it's not considered true fluency.
If you can easily eavesdrop on two simultaneous conversations - one in English, one in the foreign language - I'd say that's pretty fluent. I find myself doing that from time to time.
🙂
Good question posted above about the need for reading/writing - it's very possible to be conversationally fluent without actually learning the written word.
All this is just my $0.02.
Edit: I meant "passable," not "passive."