I'd love to hear your thoughts on this. I see skills building recommended a lot, but don't engage in it a ton. I usually jump right into CPT or PE for PTSD or do CBT-D for their depressive symptoms if they're not willing to engage in trauma-focused work.
Oh man, sit down and prepare for a ride. Actually, it will probably be less intense in text format.
So basically, the phase-based treatment approach rests on the idea that PTSD EBPs are harder to tolerate than other treatments with higher drop-out rates, and skills building may be necessary for patients who may not have the ability to tolerate these therapies otherwise. But this is not supported by actual evidence:
- There isn't evidence that PTSD drop-out is related to inability to tolerate distress related to the trauma, e.g., Imel et al., 2013: the degree of clinical attention placed on the traumatic event did not predict drop-out
- Similarly, Van Minnen et al., 2010 says that treatment dropout in PTSD EBPs is not associated with patient characteristics, so the idea that certain populations (like survivors of childhood sexual abuse) would tolerate them less is not supported, either.
- There is also evidence that engaging in intensive PTSD EBP in itself improves emotion regulation difficulties, e.g., Van Toorenberg, 2020
Additionally, newer studies have been done that actually examined skills building prior to PTSD EBP engagement and later EBP engagement and outcomes, and overall the findings seem to suggest no benefit:
Wiedeman, 2020: Preparatory treatment prior to trauma work did not predict improved completion or outcomes in veterans with SUD
Dedert et al., 2021: Veterans who did preparatory work were less likely to follow through with an EBP, had worse outcomes than those who engaged in an EBP directly, and showed equal dropout
Staudenmeyer, 2022 is the one exception: stabilization was associated with higher EBP initiation, but only in individual format. Group had lower initiation than no stabilization, individual-only was higher than both (so there isn't much support for, say, PTSD Symptom Management or STAIR groups)
I've also looked at the studies cited in the development of STAIR that suggested PE was hard to tolerate for certain types of patients due to trauma-related distress, and... was not convinced. They didn't seem the strongest to me.
Essentially, if clinicians are insisting on skills building prior to trauma work, there is a high risk that they are delaying effective treatment without added benefit, and additionally there may be less likelihood of the patient engaging in an EBP later on.
Edit: I should add we also have evidence that EBPs improve problems that are often listed as a reason to delay treatment, like suicidal ideation and SUD, so delaying treatment for those reasons is counter-productive. I don't have the citations offhand but I know there are studies with CPT.