Good Websites for Allopathic Medical Students

[ksav]

does anyone have valid links to the goljan lectures?

---

Members don't see this ad.

 

[deuist]

does anyone have valid links to the goljan lectures?

Those lectures contain copyrighted material and cannot be legally distributed over the Internet. Any posts that link to the audio files as usually deleted immediately.

 

[jdinovit]

Here is a good link. It is a free Pharmacology review written by a NYCOM student. http://www.geocities.com/shortestpharmreview

 

[Skywayhighway]

Here is another good site. http://www.Medicalschoolresources.com, which has a collection of online resources for students studying anatomy, physiology, histology and physical examination skills.

 

[sleebs]

Does anyone have a good resource for Pathophys other than Robbins site? Also any recommendation for a good Pharm site?

Thanks

 

[Flaxmoore]

Anybody have a recommendation for Immunology?

 

[Student4Life87]

I took the list and added some sites I used. I also deleted the dead links. 🙂 Please keep adding to the list!


Good Websites for Basic Sciences and Beyond MadameLULU Student Doctor Network

The Mother of all Resources- link to many online references

**Anatomy**
UMICH Anatomy
LUMEN: http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/ -Great for cross sectional anatomy
Cool Eye Simulation page
Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
University of Wisconsin dissection video http://www.anatomy.wisc.edu/courses/gross/
Anatomy Table- labeled gross dissections
Another Useful page from UMich- learning modules, videos, dissection guide
Gray's Anatomy
Arkansas Anatomy Tables
The Anatomy Lesson
Get Body Smart- A really good anatomy site to help with muscle action, insertion, etc.
Videos of Berkeley's undergraduate human anatomy- Anatomy taught by a grandmother
Doctor Tutor- Musculoskeletal System - Interactive Guide
GetBodySmart- tutorial
Learn the Brachial Plexus in 5 minutes
DirectAnatomy- A free online software to browse human body by images and find answers to your anatomical questions
Anat and Phys with Qs
Cross-Sectional Anatomy Clinical Human Anatomy
Gross anatomy atlas
List of Useful Gross Sites from VCU
http://student.ttuhsc.edu/JBuchanan/medlink.htm
Human Anatomy Online
Human Anatomy Dissection Video Table of Contents

**Histology**
Iowa's Histology Laboratory- slide gallery
Suny Downstate's Histology Manual- slides
Histology Learning System- slides
JayDoc Histo Web- slides
Blue Histology --- lecture notes and quizzes, can choose which topics to include in quizzes
Histo Pics
Dr. B's Histo Review
Histo Practice Exams
Histo Quizzes 2
Internet Atlas of Histology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
HistoLabs NewEngland
Histology Web Labs
http://student.ttuhsc.edu/JBuchanan/histology.htm

**Biochem/Genetics**
Biochem Animations
Lehninger, Nelson and Cox, Principles of Biochemistry 3-e
Medical Genetics
http://student.ttuhsc.edu/JBuchanan/biochemistry.htm

**Physiology**
Heart Physiology from U. of Utah- cardiac cycle interactive
EKG Review
UT Memphis Renal Outline **
ECG library- Collection of Recordings
ECG Stimulator- Quickly learn the most common ECG findings
ECG Wave Maven- Case Studies from havard
Animations- Anatomy and Physio
Essentials of Human Physio Text
Renal Outline (no pics)**
http://student.ttuhsc.edu/JBuchanan/medical_physiology.htm

**Embryology**
Human Embryology Animations
University of Guelph- review of meiosis etc.
Cardiovascular Embryology
Embryo Overview
http://student.ttuhsc.edu/JBuchanan/embryology.htm


**Microbiology and Immunology**
Microbiology Textbook Online
Microbiology and Immunology Online
Micro Practice Qs
Mystery Zone
Study Cases
Medical Microbiology. Table of Contents
Excellent Site with Many Links, Study Guides
LifeLines OnLine: Microbiology Cases
Medical Microbiology
Virology Lectures Index
All the Virology on the WWW
Human parasitology tutorial

**Neuroanatomy/Neuroscience**
Interactive Atlases Click on Brain or Neuro syllabus; this site has a wonderful atlas
Neuroscience Tutorial
UToronto's Neuro Notes This program is awesome to visualize in 3-D stuctures like the internal capsule. Download Functional Neuroanatomy and Functional Neuroanatomy update to function properly.
Whole Brain Atlas
Virtual Hospital: The Human Brain: Dissections of the Real Brain
Salaman's Neuroanatomy Atlas
Essential Neurologic Exam
http://student.ttuhsc.edu/JBuchanan/neuroscience.htm
3D Brain Anatomy
The W.U.S.M. Neuroscience Tutorial
Neuroanatomy & Neuropathology on the Internet

**Pathology**
WebPath tutorials and and online path exams.
The Pathology Guy
Heme/Onc Morpholgies
Path Note Sets By System
Case Path
Chest Cases
IPLAB.net- cases
Case Studies
LUMEN Cases
Pimpnotes open-source med notes that puts in much better order key material for the boards. pathology (all of it! 120+ pages), bugs charts, and pharm chart
http://student.ttuhsc.edu/JBuchanan/pathology.htm
http://path.upmc.edu/cases.html

**Pharm**
Pharmacology Quizzes
Active Learning Centre

**Physical Examination/Clinicals**
A Practical Guide to Clinical Medicine
Loyola University Medical Education network – How to and questions
University of Washington's Advanced Physical Diagnosis - Choose an organ system and then click on "demonstration"
The RALE Repository of Lung Sounds
UC Davis Review of Lung Sounds
Blaufuss Mulitmedia Heart Sounds Tutorial
McGill University Virtual Stethoscope
Auscultation Assistant
OR Live Watch Live Surgeries
The Connecticut Tutorials
Medical Media Systems
University of Virginia's Practice of Medicine - See the resources section at the bottom of the page for videos, interviewing techniques, and links
ECG Library - Collection of recordings
EKG waveform - Animations and quizzes
ECG simulator - Quickly learn the most common ECG findings
ECG Wave Maven - Case studies
OPETA Home
Basic Clinical Skills

**PDA Software**
ePocrates- Drug guide (Palm, Pocket PC)
Med Calc (Palm)
Mobile PDR (Palm, Pocket PC)
PEPID - Lots of integrated software (Palm, Windows, $$)
Unbound Medicine - Has the 5 minute Clinical Consult, among other titles ($)
www.doctortutor.com Musculoskeletal System - Interactive Guide
Handy Med - Medical flashcards for Palm and PocketPC. ($5, free demo).
Merck Manual
List of misc. medical programs
Doctor's gadgets- The SDN of medical PDAs
Lexi-Comp- Drug Database
Family Practice PDA -A collection of lots of programs and information for the Palm and PocketPC.


**Derm**
Dermatology Lexicon Project - good intro with derm definitions
DermIS.net - great pics, search by description, name or body location

**Radiology**
Learning Radiology
MedPix Medical Image Library
radiologyeducation.com- digital library of radiology education resources
Introduction to Radiology - From UVirginia
Emergency Medicine Picture Archiving and Communication System
Radiology cases in peds EM - From UHawaii
Virtual Pediatric Hospital
metaRADS- search for radiology cases - view thumbnails to find what you are looking for

**Misc**
Set of Study Guides
Medical Mnemonics
More Medical Mnemonics
Mneumonics (may be offensive)
MIT's OpenCourseWare- MIT puts their lecture materials online
MedTerms Medical Dictionary
The Inner Life of a Cell (w/o narration)
Inner Life of a Cell (8 minutes w/narration and no music)
KMLE Medical Dictionary
Flashcard Exchange- Lots of user-submitted flashcards. Scroll down to the medical section.
Pubmed Bookshelf- a growing collection of biomedical books that can be searched directly by typing a concept into the textbox
eMedicine eTools- tons of online calculators (BMI, APGAR, Glasgow, anion gap, etc.) along with some helpful online pictures (dermatomes, etc.)
my.onexamination.com
Exam Ninja- Board Qs
Massive Attack: Special Cases, Male - A fun music video with some in vitro fertilization and development. A good distraction from studying.
Massive Attack: Special Cases, Female - Same as above, but through the female perspective.
http://www.library.uthscsa.edu/internet/ImageDatabases.cfm#Image Directories
MIT's OpenCourseWare - MIT puts their lecture materials online
Development/Embryology
First Year - First Year Medical Curriculum - Medinfo - College of Medicine
Second Year - Second Year Medical Curriculum - Medinfo - College of Medicine
http://student.ttuhsc.edu/JBuchanan/medicallyrelated_links.htm
http://student.ttuhsc.edu/JBuchanan/usmle_prep.htm

**Residency**
Careers in Medicine - You must get your login information from your school.
Residency Web from Washinton University
Scut Work - Reviews of residency programs
Picking a medical specialty (info only)
Personality quiz to pick a specialty (Buffalo)
Personality quiz to pick a specialty (Virginia)
Personality quiz to pick a specialty (Funny)



**Humor**
Scut Monkey

Thank you for the list....SO HELPFUL!!! ....Have spent hours searching for good biochemistry animations...

 

[LiLroaa MC]

Thank You Indeed i needed that seriously-
Great Work.
🙂

 

[auzz]

Hello everyone,


I'm a 5th year medical student studying in London, UK.



I would just like to bring to your attention a site that we have recently created, ClinicalVideos.com. The aim is to assume no previous knowledge and provide DETAILED tutorial style videos teaching medical students how to examine the various body systems and how to recognise pathology.



Your feedback will be much appreciated.

 

[dkozan]

Hi all,

QuizMD is a student-run website for the exchange of practice exam questions and clinical vignettes. We have staff physician moderators for some topics and are recruiting more. Please check it out - you do not need to sign up unless you intend to contribute (which is highly encouraged of course).

It's entirely free and currently paid for by myself and a generous emergency physician.

The link is:
http://quiz.md

Hope you find it useful!
Dan

 

[tennisball80]

Study strategies in medical schools to get a 4.0 GPA

I was on valuemd and found this video.

http://www.medicalschoolreport.com/seminar/

This website contains study strategies for medical school students.

http://medicalschoolreport.com/

P.S I am a high school student.

 

[mmmcdowe]

Study strategies in medical schools to get a 4.0 GPA

I was on valuemd and found this video.

http://www.medicalschoolreport.com/seminar/

This website contains study strategies for medical school students.

http://medicalschoolreport.com/

P.S I am a high school student.

I guess I don't understand why you posted this. My father gave me the best business advice that I'll ever here: If it sounds too good to be true, it is.

 

[malfee]

Holy moley! Haha, I just watched a video of the first dissections made on a cadaver in gross anatomy. That was my first time ever seeing anything like that. I'm enthralled! 😀

 

[donaldtang]

It's a great thread. And thanks for providing these links, it really helps me a lot🙂

 

[coldweatherblue]

Didn't see this on the first post:

http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/NEURANAT/NEURANCA.html#2

A really nice gross brain online Neuroanatomy atlas with clickable links to test your skillz. 😎

 

[mercedes1]

http://www.histology-world.com

 

[Dustb2000]

I found the shotgun histology videos on YouTube to be really helpful.

 

[njbmd]

Look at this thread Links for Allopathic Students It has links to histology sites.

 

[MDpride]

http://www.learnerstv.com/course.php?cat=Medical

 

[lazycat]

http://www.learnerstv.com/course.php?cat=Medical

great !!!!👍👍👍

 

[shengdu]

Medical Videos
http://www.medicalvideos.us/

Medical Events All over the world
http://www.medical-events.com/

One of My Favorites!
http://www.emedicine.com/

Can anybody post links for for sites with free medical/clinical software for the pc? thanks

 

[MDpride]

http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/bcontex.htm

 

[Bjams]

visiblebody.com is an interactive website which allows you to do virtual dissections, removing muscles layer by layer. it is a great help to learn the spatial relationships between muscles. the cirulatory and nervous systems are also pretty good at providing a framework for learning blood supply and inervation to the upper and lower limbs. if you are taking musculoskeletal anatomy, i highly recommend checking it out.

 

[labwork]

www.pathologyoutlines.com is good.

 

[DigDog]

this guy seems to be fun, informative and about medicine. good rants... http://nerdcorelearning.com/

 

[kryptik]

anyone know of a site with microbiology practice questions? Preferably broken down into viruses, bacteria, etc. thanks

 

[Mr hawkings]

anyone know of a site with microbiology practice questions? Preferably broken down into viruses, bacteria, etc. thanks

http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/~gulig/mmid/old-exams.htm


This was originally posted above but the link is brocken. Here is a good one.

 

[kryptik]

http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/~gulig/mmid/old-exams.htm


This was originally posted above but the link is brocken. Here is a good one.

thanks, it seems to require a password though or am i doing something wrong?

 

[Mr hawkings]

thanks, it seems to require a password though or am i doing something wrong?

I wow. I'm sorry about that. I didnt realized they had put password access on it. It used to be open to everyone. Sorry

 

[arif]

this site:
http://www.rxpgonline.com/allmedicalmnemonics.html

is hands down the best place to find and post all medical mnemonics! i've found a ton of helpful things on here.... post your own if you have good original ones!

can somebody post some good sites for internal med.thanx in advance

 

[Samus Aran]

www.fmylife.com to remind yourself that there are still many people out there that have crappier lives than yours.

 

[sweetgise]

beautifully genius

 

[orthomyxo]

This thread is friggin amazing!!!!!

 

[docnextdoor]

Can anyone suggest me a good source of pathology diagrams. I want real slides and clear diagrams that belong to clinical pathology. I apologise if this is not the right place for this post. I am new to SDN. pls help.

 

[Iaspire]

i once came across a site on health and medicine presentations. It had helped e a lot in making my project on hypertension. I think they have a separate section for pathology as well. See if you can get what you are looking for. www.slideworld.org

 

[motorola]

http://www.radiologyeducation.com/ A huge collection of radiology resources

 

[tallash]

It would be amazing if everything could be cleaned up into one post...

 

[motorola]

Can you please tell me good websites for
alternative medicine?

i would read the chapter on alternative medicine in CMDT.

 

[deuist]

It would be amazing if everything could be cleaned up into one post...

Sounds like a great idea... have at it. I've updated my links as much as I'm willing to. I just don't have the time to do so anymore.

 

[pingouin]

OK, I just spent a good chunk of the morning trying to weed out broken links, add new stuff (thanks for the suggestions), and try to organize the list a little better (ie, alphabetize by basic science type). Feel free to add to this or shoot me a PM if you have something to add or find a broken link.

It looks like we could use some more resources in genetics, pharm, cell and molecular, behavioral sciences, and interviewing. I'm sure I'm missing some topics, too. Thanks for everyone's help who has compiled this list over the years! Looks like MadameLuLu and deuist are largely responsible for putting stuff together.


Good Websites for Basic Sciences and Beyond: Student Doctor Network


**General Study Resources**
The Mother of all Resources- link to many online references
Another comprehensive resource list
Med Study Sites - Offers study guides, strategies, and practice exams across the basic and clinical sciences
LearnersTV - video lectures in basic sciences


**Anatomy**
UMICH Anatomy
LUMEN: http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/ -Great for cross sectional anatomy
Cool Eye Simulation page
Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
University of Wisconsin dissection video http://www.anatomy.wisc.edu/courses/gross/
Anatomy Table- labeled gross dissections
Another Useful page from UMich- learning modules, videos, dissection guide
Gray's Anatomy
Arkansas Anatomy Tables
The Anatomy Lesson
Get Body Smart- A really good anatomy site to help with muscle action, insertion, etc.
Videos of Berkeley's undergraduate human anatomy- Anatomy taught by a grandmother
Learn the Brachial Plexus in 5 minutes
DirectAnatomy- A free online software to browse human body by images and find answers to your anatomical questions
Anat and Phys with Qs
Cross-Sectional Anatomy Clinical Human Anatomy
Gross anatomy atlas
List of Useful Gross Sites from VCU
http://student.ttuhsc.edu/JBuchanan/medlink.htm
Human Anatomy Online
Human Anatomy Dissection Video Table of Contents


**Biochemistry**
Biochem Animations
Lehninger, Nelson and Cox, Principles of Biochemistry 3-e
http://student.ttuhsc.edu/JBuchanan/biochemistry.htm


**Dermatology**
Dermatology Lexicon Project - good intro with derm definitions
DermIS.net - great pics, search by description, name or body location


**Embryology**
Human Embryology Animations
University of Guelph- review of meiosis etc.
Cardiovascular Embryology
Embryo Overview
http://student.ttuhsc.edu/JBuchanan/embryology.htm
The Visible Embryo
MIT's OpenCourseWare - MIT puts their lecture materials online Development/Embryology


**Genetics**
Medical Genetics


**Histology**
Iowa's Histology Laboratory- slide gallery
Krause's Histo Website- blog kept by Dr William Krause at University of Missouri. Includes histo videos some podcast lectures.
Suny Downstate's Histology Manual- slides
Histology Learning System- slides
JayDoc Histo Web- slides
Blue Histology --- lecture notes and quizzes, can choose which topics to include in quizzes
Histo Pics
Dr. B's Histo Review
Histo Practice Exams
Histo Quizzes 2
Internet Atlas of Histology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
HistoLabs NewEngland
Histology Web Labs
http://student.ttuhsc.edu/JBuchanan/histology.htm
Histology World


**Microbiology and Immunology**
Microbiology Textbook Online
Microbiology and Immunology Online
Micro Practice Qs
Mystery Zone
Study Cases
Medical Microbiology. Table of Contents
Excellent Site with Many Links, Study Guides
LifeLines OnLine: Microbiology Cases
Medical Microbiology
Virology Lectures Index
All the Virology on the WWW
Human parasitology tutorial


**Neuroanatomy/Neuroscience**
Interactive Atlases Click on Brain or Neuro syllabus; this site has a wonderful atlas
Neuroscience Tutorial
UToronto's Neuro Notes This program is awesome to visualize in 3-D stuctures like the internal capsule. Download Functional Neuroanatomy and Functional Neuroanatomy update to function properly.
Whole Brain Atlas Virtual Hospital: The Human Brain: Dissections of the Real Brain
Salaman's Neuroanatomy Atlas
Essential Neurologic Exam
http://student.ttuhsc.edu/JBuchanan/neuroscience.htm
3D Brain Anatomy
The W.U.S.M. Neuroscience Tutorial
Neuroanatomy & Neuropathology on the Internet
Eye, Brain, and Vision from Harvard


**Pathology**
WebPath tutorials and and online path exams.
The Pathology Guy
Heme/Onc Morpholgies
Path Note Sets By System
Case Path
Chest Cases
IPLAB.net- cases
Case Studies
LUMEN Cases
Pimpnotes open-source med notes that puts in much better order key material for the boards. pathology (all of it! 120+ pages), bugs charts, and pharm chart
http://student.ttuhsc.edu/JBuchanan/pathology.htm
http://path.upmc.edu/cases.html
Pathology Outlines


**Pharm**
Pharmacology Quizzes
Active Learning Centre
Shortest Pharm Review - 14 pages. That's it.


**Physical Examination/Clinicals**
A Practical Guide to Clinical Medicine
Loyola University Medical Education network – How to and questions
University of Washington's Advanced Physical Diagnosis - Choose an organ system and then click on "demonstration"
The RALE Repository of Lung Sounds
Blaufuss Mulitmedia Heart Sounds Tutorial
McGill University Virtual Stethoscope
Auscultation Assistant
OR Live Watch Live Surgeries
The Connecticut Tutorials
Medical Media Systems
University of Virginia's Practice of Medicine - See the resources section at the bottom of the page for videos, interviewing techniques, and links
ECG Library - Collection of recordings
EKG waveform - Animations and quizzes
ECG simulator - Quickly learn the most common ECG findings
ECG Wave Maven - Case studies
OPETA Home
Basic Clinical Skills


**Physiology**
Heart Physiology from U. of Utah- cardiac cycle interactive
EKG Review
UT Memphis Renal Outline **
ECG library- Collection of Recordings
ECG Stimulator- Quickly learn the most common ECG findings
ECG Wave Maven- Case Studies from havard
Animations- Anatomy and Physio
Essentials of Human Physio Text
Renal Outline (no pics)**
http://student.ttuhsc.edu/JBuchanan/medical_physiology.htm


**Radiology**
Learning Radiology
radiologyeducation.com- digital library of radiology education resources
Introduction to Radiology - From UVirginia
Emergency Medicine Picture Archiving and Communication System
Radiology cases in peds EM - From UHawaii
Virtual Pediatric Hospital
metaRADS- search for radiology cases - view thumbnails to find what you are looking for
Radiology Education - fabulous archive of radiology links, as well as some good ones for anatomy and embryology


**Online Medical Tools**
MedTerms Medical Dictionary
eMedicine eTools- tons of online calculators (BMI, APGAR, Glasgow, anion gap, etc.) along with some helpful online pictures (dermatomes, etc.)
MD Calc - also tons of online calculators
Diagnosis Pro- Differential Diagnosis Generator
Wrong Diagnosis - Differential Diagnosis Generator (scroll down a little bit to search by symptom)
Medical Mnemonics
More Medical Mnemonics
Mnemonics (may be offensive)


**PDA Software**
ePocrates- Drug guide (Palm, Pocket PC)
Med Calc (Palm)
Mobile PDR (Palm, Pocket PC)
PEPID - Lots of integrated software (Palm, Windows, $$)
Unbound Medicine - Has the 5 minute Clinical Consult, among other titles ($)
www.doctortutor.com Musculoskeletal System - Interactive Guide
Merck Manual
List of misc. medical programs
Doctor's gadgets- The SDN of medical PDAs
Lexi-Comp- Drug Database
Family Practice PDA -A collection of lots of programs and information for the Palm and PocketPC.


**Misc**
MIT's OpenCourseWare- MIT puts their lecture materials online
Inner Life of a Cell (8 minutes w/narration and no music)
KMLE Medical Dictionary
Flashcard Exchange- Lots of user-submitted flashcards. Scroll down to the medical section.
Pubmed Bookshelf- a growing collection of biomedical books that can be searched directly by typing a concept into the textbox
my.onexamination.com
Exam Ninja- Board Qs
Massive Attack: Special Cases, Male - A fun music video with some in vitro fertilization and development. A good distraction from studying.
Massive Attack: Special Cases, Female - Same as above, but through the female perspective.
http://www.library.uthscsa.edu/internet/ImageDatabases.cfm#Image Directories
First Year - First Year Medical Curriculum - Medinfo - College of Medicine
Second Year - Second Year Medical Curriculum - Medinfo - College of Medicine
http://student.ttuhsc.edu/JBuchanan/medicallyrelated_links.htm
http://student.ttuhsc.edu/JBuchanan/usmle_prep.htm
QuizMD
Slide World - power points on various medically-related subjects
Med Spot- similar list to this one


**Residency and Medical Careers**
Careers in Medicine - You must get your login information from your school.
Residency Web from Washinton University
Scut Work - Reviews of residency programs
Personality quiz to pick a specialty (Buffalo)
Personality quiz to pick a specialty (Virginia)


**Humor**
Scut Monkey[/QUOTE]
NCBI ROFL - a collection of studies you can't believe were actually published
Personality quiz to pick a specialty (Funny)

 

[Promod]

This fantastic. Anyone have a 2nd year list??? Please, please.

I found some good pathology resources in this page.
http://www.medicalresourcelinks.com/pathology.php

 

[gulnosh]

http://www.medicalstudent.com/

"MedicalStudent.com is a digital library of authoritative medical information for all students of medicine"

Links to many sites so you can find which works for you!

great link..👍

 

[padoo]

thankssssssssss!!

 

[foxybrown202]

Really Great

Thank You So Much

Beautiful Girl in Yoga Pose

 

[team doc]

another resident and I made the website (link below in my signature) that has articles on sports medicine and musculoskeletal topics.

don't worry it doesn't have any ads and I don't make any money from it 😎

I think it could be a great resource in your 3rd and 4th year clinicals in family medicine/peds/IM/ortho/ER

 

[team doc]

duplicated message and i can't delete it...

 

[Lushca]

Check out this developing website for radiologic interactive neuro anatomy. The files are big and take a while to load, but it's pretty user friendly. There's a sinus ct and temporal bone ct done and brain mri in the works.

http://headneckbrainspine.com/

 

[deuist]

Since there have been a few threads recently about ECG interpretation, I thought I'd offer up my own study sheet.

Enjoy

 

[derspiegel]

Thanks man! I`m gonna save this for when I start the clinical part of medschool.

 

[DrJosephKim]

Shouldn't the list include a resource for those who may be thinking about an alternative career in medicine? Those interested in non-clinical opportunities?