hSDN Class of 2014

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Did anyone else get the National Academy of Future Physicians congress invitation thingy? It's definitely expensive and sounds pretty interesting.
 
FantasyVesperia said:
Did anyone else get the National Academy of Future Physicians congress invitation thingy? It's definitely expensive and sounds pretty interesting.
Click to expand...

Nothing but scams IMO. I get about 20 of them a year from different groups saying they "hand selected" me from a group of other students. If you have to pay to attend, chances are they're just pimping for money.
 
Same with NYLF- Medicine. They want like 4k for about 5 days worth of shadowing and touring a med school. Straight BS. Also flight and stuff is NOT included. It's really just a money making scam. And pretty sure everyone gets those, they say "hand-picked" but that's just to make their program look like its actually something.
 
That sucks, why put so much work into something just to scam people for money? lol.
 
Because people fall for it and pay the crazy amounts they want. Don't get me wrong, they do show you some cool things and teach you some things but with the large price tag, not worth it. Now if you get a scholarship for an event like that, go ahead and attend! If not, you can shred that paper
 
Got to spend all AP Bio class taking blood pressures and pulse readings.... I'm not complaining 👍
 
Haha nice! We just started Cellular Respiration and all the stuff that comes along with it!
 
Jpatel2018 said:
Haha nice! We just started Cellular Respiration and all the stuff that comes along with it!
Click to expand...

Good luck man..... Survived the Respiration/Photosynthesis test with an 85% and glad to be getting to the fun stuff (Circulatory, Digestive systems) 😛
 
CommonApp submitted! So happy about it. Haven't even thought about starting the supplements yet :/
Sitting for the ACT next Sunday. NOT excited about that. Although I am foolishly applying to Columbia, I'm not retaking my SAT II BioM (710) and Chem (720) because I don't care... Gotta do really great on the ACT though...
Going into ACT prep lockdown from tomorrow...
 
I remember in AP biology we were never lectured on the human body, the cat dissections were our independent teaching opportunities. Our teacher said that taking blood pressures and rates was an old lab. We replaced it with gas exchange I think.

My favorite unit by far was biotechnology and the microbio lab with glowing bacteria with the pGLO gene.
 
I'm quite envious of you all that got to take AP Bio 🙁

pkteen said:
CommonApp submitted! So happy about it. Haven't even thought about starting the supplements yet :/
Sitting for the ACT next Sunday. NOT excited about that. Although I am foolishly applying to Columbia, I'm not retaking my SAT II BioM (710) and Chem (720) because I don't care... Gotta do really great on the ACT though...
Going into ACT prep lockdown from tomorrow...
Click to expand...

I haven't even remotely started on the CommonApp. I hope I'm not too late. I've finished the basic info, but I need to get a move on with the essays.
 
Solomon said:
I'm quite envious of you all that got to take AP Bio 🙁



I haven't even remotely started on the CommonApp. I hope I'm not too late. I've finished the basic info, but I need to get a move on with the essays.
Click to expand...

Nah. You're not late. Although, if you're thinking about applying EA or ED, it's time to speed up!
 
I'm actually considering changing my major to Nursing.... Someone help
 
Haha I have a chapter test on Cellular Resp tomorrow and I can safely say I am ******.

On the bright side, SAT score on Thursday!!
 
Jpatel2018 said:
Haha I have a chapter test on Cellular Resp tomorrow and I can safely say I am ******.

On the bright side, SAT score on Thursday!!
Click to expand...

Dude cell respirationn SUCKS. Just remember the inputs and outputs of each stage!
 
Where is that post with information on cellular respiration someone posted for you a while back?

I can't find it 🙁
 
Jpatel2018 said:
Where is that post with information on cellular respiration someone posted for you a while back?

I can't find it 🙁
Click to expand...
.
How detailed is AP Biology nowadays anyways? Here's a general summary:

Glycolysis (aerobic) is

[Glucose] + 2 [Pi] + 2[NAD+] + 2[ADP] -> 2 [Pyruvate] + 2[ATP] + 2[NADH] + 2[H+] + [H2O]

and Anaerobic is:

[Glucose] + 2 [Pi] + 2 [ADP] -> 2 [Lactate] + 2 [ATP] + 2 [H2O]

Neither reaction uses oxygen, and the net gain is 2 ATP per molecule of glucose (where by 2 ATP are used to catalyze reactions, and 4 ATP are produced so NET Gain = 2 ATP). Two molecules of NADH produced in aerobic glycolysis are going to be transported into the mitochondria for the electron transport chain (which gives each NADH a loss of about 1 ATP per molecule, so rather than ~3 ATP for each NADH, you only get ~2ATP for each of these 2 NADH). Though there is some controversy about this.

The main purpose of anaerobic glycolysis is to generate energy but to also remove the 2 NADH produced. The 2 NADH are used by lactate dehydrogenase to turn pyruvate into lactate, which in turn recycles the NADH into NAD+ (which are necessary for another round of glycolysis).

So Overall Energy Gain for Aerobic Glycolysis turns to 2 ATP, and 2 NADH for each Glucose.

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

PDC:

Before the Kreb's cycle, the 2 Pyruvate are turned into 2 Acetyl-CoA via Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC). With this process, 1 NADH and 1 CO2 is formed for each Pyruvate. Totaling 2 NADH and 2 CO2 produced.

Kreb's Cycle:

The Kreb's Cycle provides numerous functions in metabolism, feeding various other cycles and processes with its byproducts or catalysts, and its entire function is exceedingly complex, probably something you don't need for this level in education. Its main role is to oxidize Acetyl-CoA into CO2 and H2O.

The overall reaction simplifies to:
1 [Acetyl-CoA] + 3 [NAD+] + [FAD] + [GDP] + [Pi] + 2[H2O] -> 2 [CO2] + 3 [NADH] + 1 [FADH2] + 1 [GTP] + 3 [H+] + CoA.

Two carbon atoms enter the cycle as acetyl Co-A and leave as 2x CO2. So for 2 Acetyl-Co-As -> 4 CO2 produced.

Since there's 2 Acetyl-CoA Molecules, you get double that reaction, so overall energy gain is 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 GTP.

Kreb's Cycle occurs in the Mitochrondrion Matrix.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
So far you have produced 2 FADH2, 6 NADH inside Mitochrondria, 2 NADH via PDC in Mitochrondria, 2 NADH in Cytoplasm (needs transport into Mitochondria), 2 ATP from Glycolysis and 2 GTP from Krebs which converts to ATP.

ETC:

Finally everything goes to the Electron Transport Chain for final energy metabolism. Glycolysis and Kreb's Cycle's oxidation pathways ultimately turn Glucose into CO2, and the metabolic intermediates of these reactions donate electrons to specialized coenzymes NAD+ and FAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and Flavin adenine dinucleotide) to form the energy rich reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These reduced coenzymes can then donate these electrons down a specialized set of carriers collectively called the Electron Transport Chain. As electrons are passed down this chain, they lose their free/potential energy and part of this energy is captured to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.

The inner mitochrondrial membrane can be separated into 5 different enzyme complexes (I, II, III, IV and V). Complex V catalyzes ATP synthesis. Each complex accepts or donates electrons to relatively mobile carriers which can then further donate electrons, ultimately to combine with oxygen and protons to form water. This requirement for Oxygen as the final electron acceptor makes it ultimately aerobic, and accounts for the body's greatest utilization of oxygen.

You should understand that electron transport chain via these complexes is coupled to a proton pump, which pumps H+ across the inner mitochrondrial membrane, from the matrix into the intermembrane space, each time electrons are passed down the transport chain (from NADH/FADH2) and energy is liberated from the electrons. This process creates an electrochemical gradient which is then used to drive ATP synthesis.

The complex V (ATP Synthetase or ATPase) acts as a channel for this gradient of protons. The chemiosmotic hypothesis proposes that the re-entering of protons through this channel down their gradient results in the synthesis of ATP from ADP + Pi.

For calculatory purposes, each NADH molecule generates approximately 3 ATP (except for the 2 NADH from the cytoplasm via Glycolysis -> where there's debate that they only generate 2 ATP because 1 ATP is necessary to transport them into the matrix). Each FADH2 generates 2 ATP approximately via the ETC.

Though in reality each NADH generates actually only close to 2.6 ATP, and Cytosolic NADH is around 1.5-1.6 ATP, while FADH2 generate around 1.5 ATP each due to leakiness of membranes and other energy inefficiencies.

So in total calculation wise, with aerobic respiration:

[1 Glucose] generates [2 Cytosolic NADH = 4 ATP] + [2 ATP] + [2 PDC-NADH = 6 ATP] + [2 GTP/ATP] + [6 Mitochrondrial NADH = 18 ATP] + [2 FADH2 = 4 ATP] -> 36 ATP Total.

If you need more detailed information about ETC complexes like NADH Dehydrogenase, CoQ..etc, various reactions, enzyme differences like Hexokinase vs Glucokinase, I recommend Lippincott's Illustrated Biochemistry Review for fast review with most essentials, and a copy of Lehninger's Principles of Biochemistry for more detailed aspects. Feel free to reply here for more help, or PM me.
 
Thanks bro! Looks like I'll finish my studying tomorrow during first hour TA! Thank god for that class!
 
Btw, I have a question about neurology... Do they use math?
 
@BioBeaver Are you considering Nursing? If you are, that's pretty cool! I've considered nursing, neonatal nursing to be exact.
 
FantasyVesperia said:
@BioBeaver Are you considering Nursing? If you are, that's pretty cool! I've considered nursing, neonatal nursing to be exact.
Click to expand...

I am! I actually just contacted my advisors to make the change. I'm really leaning towards Purdue, since its a direct admit program. Right now I'm leaning towards being an ER or Flight Nurse!
 
85% on my cellular respiration test. Highest score in the class and he is thinking about curving it! We'll see if I get a 100% tomorrow! Today's a good day!
 
BioBeaver said:
.
How detailed is AP Biology nowadays anyways? Here's a general summary:

Glycolysis (aerobic) is

[Glucose] + 2 [Pi] + 2[NAD+] + 2[ADP] -> 2 [Pyruvate] + 2[ATP] + 2[NADH] + 2[H+] + [H2O]

and Anaerobic is:

[Glucose] + 2 [Pi] + 2 [ADP] -> 2 [Lactate] + 2 [ATP] + 2 [H2O]

Neither reaction uses oxygen, and the net gain is 2 ATP per molecule of glucose (where by 2 ATP are used to catalyze reactions, and 4 ATP are produced so NET Gain = 2 ATP). Two molecules of NADH produced in aerobic glycolysis are going to be transported into the mitochondria for the electron transport chain (which gives each NADH a loss of about 1 ATP per molecule, so rather than ~3 ATP for each NADH, you only get ~2ATP for each of these 2 NADH). Though there is some controversy about this.

The main purpose of anaerobic glycolysis is to generate energy but to also remove the 2 NADH produced. The 2 NADH are used by lactate dehydrogenase to turn pyruvate into lactate, which in turn recycles the NADH into NAD+ (which are necessary for another round of glycolysis).

So Overall Energy Gain for Aerobic Glycolysis turns to 2 ATP, and 2 NADH for each Glucose.

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

PDC:

Before the Kreb's cycle, the 2 Pyruvate are turned into 2 Acetyl-CoA via Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC). With this process, 1 NADH and 1 CO2 is formed for each Pyruvate. Totaling 2 NADH and 2 CO2 produced.

Kreb's Cycle:

The Kreb's Cycle provides numerous functions in metabolism, feeding various other cycles and processes with its byproducts or catalysts, and its entire function is exceedingly complex, probably something you don't need for this level in education. Its main role is to oxidize Acetyl-CoA into CO2 and H2O.

The overall reaction simplifies to:
1 [Acetyl-CoA] + 3 [NAD+] + [FAD] + [GDP] + [Pi] + 2[H2O] -> 2 [CO2] + 3 [NADH] + 1 [FADH2] + 1 [GTP] + 3 [H+] + CoA.

Two carbon atoms enter the cycle as acetyl Co-A and leave as 2x CO2. So for 2 Acetyl-Co-As -> 4 CO2 produced.

Since there's 2 Acetyl-CoA Molecules, you get double that reaction, so overall energy gain is 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 GTP.

Kreb's Cycle occurs in the Mitochrondrion Matrix.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
So far you have produced 2 FADH2, 6 NADH inside Mitochrondria, 2 NADH via PDC in Mitochrondria, 2 NADH in Cytoplasm (needs transport into Mitochondria), 2 ATP from Glycolysis and 2 GTP from Krebs which converts to ATP.

ETC:

Finally everything goes to the Electron Transport Chain for final energy metabolism. Glycolysis and Kreb's Cycle's oxidation pathways ultimately turn Glucose into CO2, and the metabolic intermediates of these reactions donate electrons to specialized coenzymes NAD+ and FAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and Flavin adenine dinucleotide) to form the energy rich reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These reduced coenzymes can then donate these electrons down a specialized set of carriers collectively called the Electron Transport Chain. As electrons are passed down this chain, they lose their free/potential energy and part of this energy is captured to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.

The inner mitochrondrial membrane can be separated into 5 different enzyme complexes (I, II, III, IV and V). Complex V catalyzes ATP synthesis. Each complex accepts or donates electrons to relatively mobile carriers which can then further donate electrons, ultimately to combine with oxygen and protons to form water. This requirement for Oxygen as the final electron acceptor makes it ultimately aerobic, and accounts for the body's greatest utilization of oxygen.

You should understand that electron transport chain via these complexes is coupled to a proton pump, which pumps H+ across the inner mitochrondrial membrane, from the matrix into the intermembrane space, each time electrons are passed down the transport chain (from NADH/FADH2) and energy is liberated from the electrons. This process creates an electrochemical gradient which is then used to drive ATP synthesis.

The complex V (ATP Synthetase or ATPase) acts as a channel for this gradient of protons. The chemiosmotic hypothesis proposes that the re-entering of protons through this channel down their gradient results in the synthesis of ATP from ADP + Pi.

For calculatory purposes, each NADH molecule generates approximately 3 ATP (except for the 2 NADH from the cytoplasm via Glycolysis -> where there's debate that they only generate 2 ATP because 1 ATP is necessary to transport them into the matrix). Each FADH2 generates 2 ATP approximately via the ETC.

Though in reality each NADH generates actually only close to 2.6 ATP, and Cytosolic NADH is around 1.5-1.6 ATP, while FADH2 generate around 1.5 ATP each due to leakiness of membranes and other energy inefficiencies.

So in total calculation wise, with aerobic respiration:

[1 Glucose] generates [2 Cytosolic NADH = 4 ATP] + [2 ATP] + [2 PDC-NADH = 6 ATP] + [2 GTP/ATP] + [6 Mitochrondrial NADH = 18 ATP] + [2 FADH2 = 4 ATP] -> 36 ATP Total.

If you need more detailed information about ETC complexes like NADH Dehydrogenase, CoQ..etc, various reactions, enzyme differences like Hexokinase vs Glucokinase, I recommend Lippincott's Illustrated Biochemistry Review for fast review with most essentials, and a copy of Lehninger's Principles of Biochemistry for more detailed aspects. Feel free to reply here for more help, or PM me.
Click to expand...

You're welcome, let me know if you have any other questions about cellular metabolism of sugars or any other compounds and I'll try to clarify as much as possible.
 
SAT scores are in and I met my goal! WOHOOOOOOOOOOOOO!!!!!! 🙂 🙂
 
Okay so something just happened and I want to know what I should do!

I sold my phone on craigslist. Some random dude, met him at a public place. I sold him my phone, took the money and left.

I counted the money, it looked 100% real, I go home and my dad tells me its fake.

Now that I further inspect it, its counterfeit money.

I tried contacting the guy, but obviously that ****** won't reply.

I am not going to do anything with that money, ill probably just destroy it or frame it. I don't want to be involved in anything having to do with it.

I am pretty pissed off because it was 500$. Someone tell me what I should and can do before I loose it. 🙁
 
I got a hold of him, I explained the possible consequences and he was scared enough to meet me at a public location to return my phone and we can pretend like this never happened. Karma is a bitch.
 
Jpatel2018 said:
I got a hold of him, I explained the possible consequences and he was scared enough to meet me at a public location to return my phone and we can pretend like this never happened. Karma is a bitch.
Click to expand...

Well played. Don't let him kill you though to try to cover it all up.... Counterfeiting is a pretty serious crime
 
BioBeaver said:
Well played. Don't let him kill you though to try to cover it all up.... Counterfeiting is a pretty serious crime
Click to expand...

Yes I told him we are meeting inside a Paradise Bakery so that there are people around and not sketchy. I was examining the bills and I am guessing there are A LOT of them in circulation. I totally respect the new 100$ bills now more than ever!

Meeting with him today after school. Let see how it goes.
 
Guys......I am about to have a heart attack over this new layout and design. Best believe you guys better be liking my posts, I'm tryna get hsdn famous.
 
Like for a Like, Jpatel! 😉

How'd that counterfeit deal go?
 
BioBeaver said:
Like for a Like, Jpatel! 😉

How'd that counterfeit deal go?
Click to expand...

Fully recovered my phone, and I gave him the counterfeit money and he ripped the bills in front of me and threw them away and apologized.

Tbh, I was scared outta my mind when I met up with him the second time. But it was inside a paradise bakery so I guess it wasn't too sketchy.
 
Just thought I'd share our new hSDN URL:

74af1af23b8be0949da0f4df63019f62.png


I know, I know. So original, 420.
 
Btw, this white is really bugging my eyes! They should do a light blue background. Or thicken up the borders...
 
I'm not digging the new look. I guess I just have too many good memories from the old greenish version!
 
WOW, I'm so confused. It'll take awhile until I can get use to a look like this.

Anyways, I finally got a job!!!! I'm a receptionist at a vet clinic/resort. I never knew how much worked went into this....
 
FantasyVesperia said:
WOW, I'm so confused. It'll take awhile until I can get use to a look like this.

Anyways, I finally got a job!!!! I'm a receptionist at a vet clinic/resort. I never knew how much worked went into this....
Click to expand...

Congrats man! You're gonna learn a lot!
 
BioBeaver said:
I'm not digging the new look. I guess I just have too many good memories from the old greenish version!
Click to expand...

Dude that's what I am saying. I usually get on SDN at night or in the early morning when its dark and the WHITE background isn't helping.

I appreciate how much effort they put in but the likes and all that nonsense just creates competition. Competition means less meaningful information. :/
 
You going to USF, CameronMed? Just got accepted there 😛
 
CameronMed said:
Yeah, Yeah haha Where are you planning on going Jpatel? Glad to see you guys are enjoying your Senior year, but College is a whole lot better. Just saying =D
Click to expand...

Finished my application to Barrett, ASU about 2 weeks ago. Pretty positive that will work out, if not I'll just do regular ASU (already admitted) and transfer to Barrett at the end of sophomore year. Didn't care to apply elsewhere
 
Hey everyone! I have been on this forums for a years now and never actually posted, haha. Anyways...
Ok so I'm a sr as well, I actually am actually located around the USF area but I am from Boston, and prefer that area and environment much more then around here so I will most likely end up up there next year. Not many more humid winters I can take. 😛 Good luck to you all!
 
jstep23 said:
Hey everyone! I have been on this forums for a years now and never actually posted, haha. Anyways...
Ok so I'm a sr as well, I actually am actually located around the USF area but I am from Boston, and prefer that area and environment much more then around here so I will most likely end up up there next year. Not many more humid winters I can take. 😛 Good luck to you all!
Click to expand...

I bet you'll change your mind after your first freezing Boston winter, especially since you've gotten used to sunny south Florida 😉 But welcome to the forums man, glad to have a new member! Where are you applying? What major?
 
Honestly, where is everyone? Its basically BioBeaver, me and like 2 other people keeping this thread alive. Cmon class of 2014. Keeping this thread alive is more important than hw. 😀
 
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