Forms of euthanasia
Euthanasia comes in several different forms, each of which brings a different set of rights and wrongs.
Active and passive euthanasia
In active euthanasia a person directly and deliberately causes the patient's death. In passive euthanasia they don't directly take the patient's life, they just allow them to die.
This is a morally unsatisfactory distinction, since even though a person doesn't 'actively kill' the patient, they are aware that the result of their inaction will be the death of the patient.
Active euthanasia is when death is brought about by an
act - for example when a person is killed by being given an overdose of pain-killers.
Passive euthanasia is when death is brought about by an
omission - i.e. when someone lets the person die. This can be by withdrawing or withholding treatment:
- Withdrawing treatment: for example, switching off a machine that is keeping a person alive, so that they die of their disease.
- Withholding treatment: for example, not carrying out surgery that will extend life for a short time.
Indirect euthanasia
This means providing treatment (usually to reduce pain) that has the side effect of speeding the patient's death.
Since the primary intention is not to kill, this is seen by some people (but not all) as morally acceptable.
A justification along these lines is formally called the
doctrine of double effect.