Lets discuss questions of NBDE 1

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1). .Which angle does a P Wave makes on ECG?
a). .45 degree
b). .180 degree
c). .0 degree
d). .-45 degree
e). .-180 degree.

2). .What is endogenous cholesterol? Most endogenous cholesterol is converted to?
a). .Glucose
b). .Cholic acid
c). .Steroid
d). .Oxaloacetete
e). .Ketone bodies

3). .Which of the following statement is correct regarding Glioblastoma multiforme?
a). .the tumor is most common before puberty
b). .it is classified as a type of meningioma
c). .it is most common type of Astrocytoma.
d). .Its prognosis is generally more favourablethan Grade 1 astrocytoma.
e). .It is derived from the epithelial lining of ventricles

4). .Which of the following pathological changes is irreversible?
a). .fatty changes in liver cells
b). .karyolysis in myocardial cells
c). .glycogen deposition in hepatocyte nuclei
d). .hydropic vacuolization of renal tubular epithelial cells.

5). .An example of Synergism is the effect of?
a). .insulin and glucagon on blood glucose
b). .estrogen and progesterone on uterine motility
c). .growth hormone and thyroxine on skeletal growth.
d). .Antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone on potassium excretion.

 

[dentistk]

Thanks a lot dentistk .... yeah it should be periosteum only but i think i came across hyaline cartilage being mentioned somewhere . But, i can't recollect where from ... so till i find a definite reference for that , will consider it to be periosteum only 🙂

Thank you.

Sorry , another question... where is synovial membrane present on the TMJ ??? was that the red part ???

🙂 ...For synovial membrane, I would like you to imagine in 3D, two bags - one around the articular eminence and upper part of articular disc and the other around the lower part of the articular disc and upper part of condylar surface of mandible. The Bags' membrane represents the Synovial Membranes and the fluid contained in them the Synovial Fluid.

About Hyaline Cartilage in TMJ, I hope the following will help:-

The TMJ is different in composition and development from other joints in the body. Therefore, it is not surprising that there are certain diseases that affect every joint in the body except for the TMJ. Conversely, it is likely that the unique age and gender distribution of TMJ disorders may result from these differences between the TMJ and systemic joints. In other synovial joints in the body, the articular surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage. The TMJ is different because it is composed of fibrocartilage.23 One of the unique characteristics of fibrocartilage is that it contains both types I and II Collagens, compared to articular hyaline cartilage, which only contains type II Collagen.24 Fibrocartilage is better able to withstand sheer forces than hyaline cartilage can, which makes it a superior material for enduring the large amount of occlusal load that is placed on the TMJ.25 Other advantages of fibrocartilage in the TMJ over hyaline cartilage are that the fibers are tightly packed and are able to withstand the forces of movement; it is less susceptible to the effects of aging; it is less likely to break down over time; and it has a better ability to repair.26 On the other hand, fibrocartilage may be targeted differently from hyaline cartilage by factors such as sex hormones that predispose to degenerative changes as discussed below.

Another difference between the TMJ and other joints is that the cartilage of the mandible condyle is a secondary cartilage compared to the articular cartilage found in other joints, which is a primary cartilage.27 More specifically, secondary cartilage develops in association with specific bones formed by intra-membranous ossification after the bones are already formed. This is different from cartilage associated with endochondral ossification, where the cartilage precedes the bone formation and is referred to as a primary cartilage. Primary cartilage growth begins in the cartilage cells within the central layer of an epiphyseal plate. In this developmental stage, the cells undergo mitosis. The two daughter cells will contain the total amount of genetic information from the original cell. In the next phase of epiphyseal growth, the two daughter cells enlarge to the size of the original. Each cell produces and secretes extra-cellular matrix, which causes the cells to drift away from each other and to enter various pathways. The cells may either become a new progenitor cell or be replaced by bone. One of the key elements of primary cartilage growth is that growth occurs in the middle part of an epiphyseal plate of a long bone. When new growth occurs within existing tissue, it is called interstitial growth.28,29

Secondary condylar cartilage growth begins with undifferentiated cells comprising mesenchymal tissue covering the prenatal or postnatal condyle. In the developmental stages, the mesenchymal cells split within themselves to become even smaller cells, but eventually attain full size. These mesenchymal cells then migrate into the interior condyle, and from there into the cartilage, where differentiation occurs and the cells become immature cartilage cells.29 The growth in the cartilage has occurred through differentiation of mesenchymal tissue rather than mitosis of cartilage progenitor cells. Where growth occurs from the exterior, it is known as appositional growth.28

http://www.jdentaled.org/cgi/content/full/72/8/930

Hope that helps.

 

[Cindrella]

@ dentistk -- thanks a zillion 🙂 your help is much appreciated !

I was looking forward to a few clarifications with my concept with regards to parasympathetic and sympathetic .. i'm not sure if i understand this correct --

Mostly all the organs are under both sympathetic and parasympathetic control

however ,
PANCREAS is under parasympathetic control only

SPLEEN is under sympathetic control only

Descending colon of the large intestine onwards is under parasympathetic control only

Urniary bladder is under parasympathetic control only

Genital organs of both male and female are under parasympathetic control only ....


Am i messing up stuff in my head or all of this is true ?? Thank you ....

 

[pb2007]

Can somebody put ALL kinds of epithelium related to salivary gland???
Coz in dif.parts they are different.

ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
3 types of cells
1 serous cells....specialized for storage synthesis and secretion of proteins
2 mucous cells...specialized for synthesis ,storage and secretion of a
secretory product .
...mainly for lubrication n protection of oral tissues
...ratio of carbohydrate to protein high
3.myoepithelial cells
...closely related to secretory and intercalated duct cells
...have contractile function so help expelling secretion from
lumina of secretory units and ducts.
ARRANGEMENT OF CELLS IN GLANDS

1 parotid .....entirely serous secretory units
2 submandibular n other mixed glands
....mucous cells predominant
....when both mucous and serous present together {mucous cells form tubular portion that is capped at the blind end by
cresents of several serous cells called DEMILUNES

DUCT SYSTEM
1 intercalated duct....smallest ducts connecting terminal secreting units
to next larger striated ducts
....single layer of LOW CUBOIDAL CELLS
2striated ducts .....tall COLUMNAR CELLS

3 interlobular ducts {excretory part}....epithelium becomes pseudostratified ,with incresing number of smaller basal cells between tall columnar cells .

this was the shortest summary i tuk out from orbans .
would be nic if sumone can clear if interlobular ducts are part of straited ducts only coz page no 342 from orbans mention sumething like that .

 

[Svetlana]

👍
Oh!!!!
Thanks a lot pb2007!

 

[Svetlana]

What mastic. muscle is largest/strongest...
masseter or temporalis?

And by the way,for those who feels weak in anatomy!!!
I recommend to watch some videos on you-tube,search for "anatomy tutorial".
They are awesome!
Guy(probably originally from Ind.) is explaining everything(lower,upper limb;neuroanatomy...) with his own drawings!Its VERY VERY helpful!

 

[Svetlana]

urogastrone
a polypeptide secreted by the salivary glands and by Brunner's glands, which is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion.

Does it have smth to do with urine?

 

[Svetlana]

Guys please,can smb.explain in simple words all the cutaneous receptors(Ruffini,Pacinian and so on) with function and location.
Coz im totally messed up with that.
Different sources explain it in diff.way

 

[Svetlana]

And 1 more Q)))
Are we supposed to know all the muscles of facial expression with insertion and function?

 

[pb2007]

What mastic. muscle is largest/strongest...
masseter or temporalis?

And by the way,for those who feels weak in anatomy!!!
I recommend to watch some videos on you-tube,search for "anatomy tutorial".
They are awesome!
Guy(probably originally from Ind.) is explaining everything(lower,upper limb;neuroanatomy...) with his own drawings!Its VERY VERY helpful!

i think its masseter muscle which is said to be a powerful muscle of mastication

 

[pb2007]

urogastrone
a polypeptide secreted by the salivary glands and by Brunner's glands, which is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion.

Does it have smth to do with urine?

urogastrone derieved from epidermal growth factor .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor
Urogastrone has been localised by immunostaining to granules of the cells of human duodenal (Brunner's) glands and their ducts and of acinar cells in the human submandibular gland. The immunoreactive peptide is present in large quantities in duodenal glands and their secretory ducts. Urogastrone or human epidermal growth factor promotes cellular proliferation in vivo as well as in vitro and inhibits gastric acid secretion and may, therefore, be one of the duodenal factors inhibiting gastric activity. Thus it may have an important regulatory and protective function for the intestinal mucosa and may possibly become a useful therapeutic agent. Urogastrone has been localised by immunostaining to granules of the cells of human duodenal (Brunner's) glands and their ducts and of acinar cells in the human submandibular gland. The immunoreactive peptide is present in large quantities in duodenal glands and their secretory ducts. Urogastrone or human epidermal growth factor promotes cellular proliferation in vivo as well as in vitro and inhibits gastric acid secretion and may, therefore, be one of the duodenal factors inhibiting gastric activity. Thus it may have an important regulatory and protective function for the intestinal mucosa and may possibly become a useful therapeutic agent.
http://gut.bmj.com/content/19/5/408.abstract

 

[Cindrella]

A patient complains of lip and tongue hypersensitivity ( allodynia ) following intake of hot spicy food . the sensory nrv fibres associated with this form of pain are -
1- A alpha
2- A beta
3- A gama
4- A delta
5- C fibres

P.S: i donot have answers fr this questions so pls explain..

Answer could be both 4 and 5 ... though 4 is for low threshold ( thats bitter ) right ?! but " hot " should also be low threshold stimuli ?

 

[Cindrella]

i think its masseter muscle which is said to be a powerful muscle of mastication

yeah , even i think its masseter m 👍

 

[dentistk]

PANCREAS is under parasympathetic control only ...Incorrect, Ans-Both http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas [Ref.]

SPLEEN is under sympathetic control only ...Correct http://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/subjects/subject/220 [Ref.]

Descending colon of the large intestine onwards is under parasympathetic control only ...Incorrect Ans- Both

Innervation of the Descending Colon

It receives its sympathetic supply from the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk and the superior hypogastric plexus by means of plexuses on the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery.
The parasympathetic supply is derived from the pelvic splanchnic nerves.
http://download.videohelp.com/vitualis/med/large_intestine.htm [Ref.]

Urniary bladder is under parasympathetic control only ...Incorrect Ans-Both http://www.slideshare.net/drho/functional-anatomy-and-innervation-of-urinary-tract-presentation [Ref.]

Genital organs of both male and female are under parasympathetic control only .... Incorrect Ans-Both


🙂 You are welcome Cindrella

 

[Svetlana]

A patient complains of lip and tongue hypersensitivity ( allodynia ) following intake of hot spicy food . the sensory nrv fibres associated with this form of pain are -
1- A alpha
2- A beta
3- A gama
4- A delta
5- C fibres

P.S: i donot have answers fr this questions so pls explain..

Answer could be both 4 and 5 ... though 4 is for low threshold ( thats bitter ) right ?! but " hot " should also be low threshold stimuli ?

I would vote for C fibers,coz its not sharp pain.(its not even pain-it's hypersensitivity)

 

[dentistk]

What mastic. muscle is largest/strongest...
masseter or temporalis?

And by the way,for those who feels weak in anatomy!!!
I recommend to watch some videos on you-tube,search for "anatomy tutorial".
They are awesome!
Guy(probably originally from Ind.) is explaining everything(lower,upper limb;neuroanatomy...) with his own drawings!Its VERY VERY helpful!

Masseter

 

[Svetlana]

urogastrone derieved from epidermal growth factor .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor
Urogastrone has been localised by immunostaining to granules of the cells of human duodenal (Brunner's) glands and their ducts and of acinar cells in the human submandibular gland. The immunoreactive peptide is present in large quantities in duodenal glands and their secretory ducts. Urogastrone or human epidermal growth factor promotes cellular proliferation in vivo as well as in vitro and inhibits gastric acid secretion and may, therefore, be one of the duodenal factors inhibiting gastric activity. Thus it may have an important regulatory and protective function for the intestinal mucosa and may possibly become a useful therapeutic agent. Urogastrone has been localised by immunostaining to granules of the cells of human duodenal (Brunner's) glands and their ducts and of acinar cells in the human submandibular gland. The immunoreactive peptide is present in large quantities in duodenal glands and their secretory ducts. Urogastrone or human epidermal growth factor promotes cellular proliferation in vivo as well as in vitro and inhibits gastric acid secretion and may, therefore, be one of the duodenal factors inhibiting gastric activity. Thus it may have an important regulatory and protective function for the intestinal mucosa and may possibly become a useful therapeutic agent.
http://gut.bmj.com/content/19/5/408.abstract

So,it has nothing to do with urine,right?

 

[dentistk]

urogastrone
a polypeptide secreted by the salivary glands and by Brunner's glands, which is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion.

Does it have smth to do with urine?

No It has nothing to do with urine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor [Ref.]

 

[Cindrella]

PANCREAS is under parasympathetic control only ...Incorrect, Ans-Both http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas [Ref.]

SPLEEN is under sympathetic control only ...Correct http://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/subjects/subject/220 [Ref.]

Descending colon of the large intestine onwards is under parasympathetic control only ...Incorrect Ans- Both

Innervation of the Descending Colon

It receives its sympathetic supply from the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk and the superior hypogastric plexus by means of plexuses on the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery.
The parasympathetic supply is derived from the pelvic splanchnic nerves.
http://download.videohelp.com/vitualis/med/large_intestine.htm [Ref.]

Urniary bladder is under parasympathetic control only ...Incorrect Ans-Both http://www.slideshare.net/drho/functional-anatomy-and-innervation-of-urinary-tract-presentation [Ref.]

Genital organs of both male and female are under parasympathetic control only .... Incorrect Ans-Both


🙂 You are welcome Cindrella

oh boy ! so i was totally messed up 🙂 thanks a lott dentistk 👍

 

[dentistk]

Guys please,can smb.explain in simple words all the cutaneous receptors(Ruffini,Pacinian and so on) with function and location.
Coz im totally messed up with that.
Different sources explain it in diff.way

Types

The sensory receptors in the skin are:
- cutaneous mechanoreceptors
> Ruffini's end organ (sustained pressure)
> Meissner's corpuscle (changes in texture, slow vibrations)
> Pacinian corpuscle (deep pressure, fast vibrations)
> Merkel's disc (sustained touch and pressure)
> Free nerve endings
- thermoreceptor
- nociceptor
- bulboid corpuscles
- chemoreceptor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_receptor [Ref]

 

[dentistk]

A patient complains of lip and tongue hypersensitivity ( allodynia ) following intake of hot spicy food . the sensory nrv fibres associated with this form of pain are -
1- A alpha
2- A beta
3- A gama
4- A delta
5- C fibres

P.S: i donot have answers fr this questions so pls explain..

Answer could be both 4 and 5 ... though 4 is for low threshold ( thats bitter ) right ?! but " hot " should also be low threshold stimuli ?

Its C Fibres... to understand this,
Allodynia...involves Nociceptors http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allodynia [Ref.]

Nociceptors... involve Both A-Delta and C Fibres
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociceptor [Ref.]

C Fibres... bc
Because of their higher conduction velocity, Aδ fibers are responsible for the sensation of a sharp first pain.[1] They respond to a weaker intensity of stimulus.[1] C fibers, however, respond to a stronger intensity of stimulus and are responsible for the slow, dull, longer-lasting, second pain.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_fiber [Ref.]

Hope this helps 🙂

 

[wdent]

I have a simple quest..
in an oral microorganism usually residein areas of the oral cavity where O2 is limited they metabolize by what FERMAENTATION or ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION !! arent they both the same !! i mean both can be used !! can someone pls answer this !!!
thanks

 

[Svetlana]

Types

The sensory receptors in the skin are:
- cutaneous mechanoreceptors
> Ruffini's end organ (sustained pressure)
> Meissner's corpuscle (changes in texture, slow vibrations)
> Pacinian corpuscle (deep pressure, fast vibrations)
> Merkel's disc (sustained touch and pressure)
> Free nerve endings
- thermoreceptor
- nociceptor
- bulboid corpuscles
- chemoreceptor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_receptor [Ref]

Any suggestions how to remember it?😕
And it's location?Something is in derma,something more superficial...

 

[Svetlana]

I have a simple quest..
in an oral microorganism usually residein areas of the oral cavity where O2 is limited they metabolize by what FERMAENTATION or ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION !! arent they both the same !! i mean both can be used !! can someone pls answer this !!!
thanks

FERMENTATION!
I just know that bacteria can either use ferm-n or aerobic resp.
Never heard of ANAEROBIC.resp

 

[dentistk]

FERMENTATION!
I just know that bacteria can either use ferm-n or aerobic resp.
Never heard of ANAEROBIC.resp

Resp > Aerobic
> Anaerobic
- Lactate Fermentation and
- Alcoholic Fermentation ...are both types of anaerobic resp.

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/aerobic-and-anaerobic-respiration.html [Ref.]

 

[SmileySL]

Hi guys..I have a quick q....does anyone know if all the questions for a single testlet are related? As in...if the first question provides some symptoms or information....does all this information still apply to the second question in the testlet? Thanks! A friend of mine said she kept changing answers because she didn't know if everything was interrelated or separate q's. Thanks!! 🙂

 

[bratdoc]

A patient complains of lip and tongue hypersensitivity ( allodynia ) following intake of hot spicy food . the sensory nrv fibres associated with this form of pain are -
1- A alpha
2- A beta
3- A gama
4- A delta
5- C fibres

P.S: i donot have answers fr this questions so pls explain..

Answer could be both 4 and 5 ... though 4 is for low threshold ( thats bitter ) right ?! but " hot " should also be low threshold stimuli ?

A BETA fibers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allodynia#Causes

because i think the usual pain receptors(Adelta and C) will not carry pain sensations for Allodynia as Allodynia is NOT caused by a usual pain stimulus....
A Delta and C fibers maybe the cause for HYPERALGESIA which is due to a normal painful stimulus!

 

[anniemirza]

A BETA fibers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allodynia#Causes

because i think the usual pain receptors(Adelta and C) will not carry pain sensations for Allodynia as Allodynia is NOT caused by a usual pain stimulus....
A Delta and C fibers maybe the cause for HYPERALGESIA which is due to a normal painful stimulus!

Perfect!!Was wonderin all along the page dat how can it be the c-fibers!!
Thnx for the confirmation bratdoc!Feels so gud to be bck on this forum🙂

 

[wdent]

Thanks Svetlana and dentistk ..

 

[anniemirza]

Morning....Is Frontal bone paired or unpaired???

 

[pb2007]

Morning....Is Frontal bone paired or unpaired???

unpaired
http://www.enotes.com/nursing-encyclopedia/skull

 

[anniemirza]

unpaired
http://www.enotes.com/nursing-encyclopedia/skull

yea dats wad i thght too...all our undergrad buks says its unpaired....but mr.kaplan says its a paired bone!!😕wads right now?

 

[pb2007]

yea dats wad i thght too...all our undergrad buks says its unpaired....but mr.kaplan says its a paired bone!!😕wads right now?

checked few sources online ,they all mention frontal as unpaired,let see what other have to say .
can you plz tel on what page in kaplan mention frontal as paired bone ??

 

[teethie]

frontal bone is unpaired.

checked few sources online ,they all mention frontal as unpaired,let see what other have to say .
can you plz tel on what page in kaplan mention frontal as paired bone ??

 

[anniemirza]

checked few sources online ,they all mention frontal as unpaired,let see what other have to say .
can you plz tel on what page in kaplan mention frontal as paired bone ??

its actually kaplan first aid QnA...q.no86

 

[teethie]

agree with bratdoc👍👍

A BETA fibers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allodynia#Causes

because i think the usual pain receptors(Adelta and C) will not carry pain sensations for Allodynia as Allodynia is NOT caused by a usual pain stimulus....
A Delta and C fibers maybe the cause for HYPERALGESIA which is due to a normal painful stimulus!

 

[Svetlana]

Hi guys.
Just finished my last diagnostic in crack.Got 294 raw.(even though they interpret it as 91 as composite)
So upset...
Exam is 10 days.I can not postpone it...
So...have 10 days to improve it!

 

[anniemirza]

Hi guys.
Just finished my last diagnostic in crack.Got 294 raw.(even though they interpret it as 91 as composite)
So upset...
Exam is 10 days.I can not postpone it...
So...have 10 days to improve it!

Hey dun be upset svetlana....it isnt bad!neways 4get all dat...n strt revision...esp the subjcts where u r weak....👍

 

[Svetlana]

Ok!
Let me have a little rest and will post A LOT OF Q from crack!!!!!

 

[wdent]

Have a doubt it says in Nbde ist aid that Smallest incisal embrassure is in Max.cent incisor
While in Kaplan : It says that the smallest incisal embrasure is in Mand.Cent.incisor...

Which one should we follow !!!?? advice pls !!!

thanks

 

[anniemirza]

Have a doubt it says in Nbde ist aid that Smallest incisal embrassure is in Max.cent incisor
While in Kaplan : It says that the smallest incisal embrasure is in Mand.Cent.incisor...

Which one should we follow !!!?? advice pls !!!

thanks

The largest incisal embrasure is between the maxillary lateral and canine.
The 2nd largest incisal embrasure is between the mandibular lateral & canine.
The 3rd largest incisal embrasure is between the maxillary central and lateral.
The 4th largest incisal embrasure is between the maxillary centrals.
The 5th largest incisal embrasure is between the mandibular central & lateral.
The 6th largest (smallest) incisal embrasure is between the mandibular centrals.

 

[teethie]

wdent:

well i am going with answer the smallest incisal embrasure is in Mand.Cent.incisor...

Have a doubt it says in Nbde ist aid that Smallest incisal embrassure is in Max.cent incisor
While in Kaplan : It says that the smallest incisal embrasure is in Mand.Cent.incisor...

Which one should we follow !!!?? advice pls !!!

thanks

 

[teethie]

i will wait for ur doubts.
overall, did u find it very hard or doable??

Ok!
Let me have a little rest and will post A LOT OF Q from crack!!!!!

 

[wdent]

Thanks annimirza and teethie
So we go with Kaplan...
thanks guys 🙂
mistakes in nbde ist aid can cost us alot,,wish that they had any correction website!

 

[anniemirza]

Thanks annimirza and teethie
So we go with Kaplan...
thanks guys 🙂
mistakes in nbde ist aid can cost us alot,,wish that they had any correction website!

Yea there are lots of mistakes!!found 2 mistakes in ma last 10qs!😡🙁

 

[Cindrella]

Yea there are lots of mistakes!!found 2 mistakes in ma last 10qs!😡🙁

anniemirza could you please type down those 2 mistakes in first aid NBDE here on this forum so that its saves those aspirants who r prolly not aware of that mistake .. thanks 👍

 

[Cindrella]

Morning....Is Frontal bone paired or unpaired???

ok i have no source for this .. but i do remember from my dental school days that frontal bone when it forms , before complete ossification has 2 parts.... it is separated by a suture known as metopic suture .. now i'm not sure when that suture disappears but this is true... so maybe Mr.Kaplan was referring to it being paired initially and later becoming one single bone ...

hope this helps and if somebody knows more about the metopic suture pls do share with us

 

[Cindrella]

In organisms sensitive to penicillin, this antibiotic shows the greatest bactericidal activity against

1. growing gram-negative bacteria.
2. growing gram-positive bacteria ..ANSWER
3. nongrowing gram-negative bacteria.
4. nongrowing gram-positive bacteria.
5. sporulating gram-negative bacteria.

this Q is from ASDA... i don't know if i am overworked or i am loosing my gray cells early in life ... but can someone please explain the question to me in another words .. thanks u ...

 

[anniemirza]

ok i have no source for this .. but i do remember from my dental school days that frontal bone when it forms , before complete ossification has 2 parts.... it is separated by a suture known as metopic suture .. now i'm not sure when that suture disappears but this is true... so maybe Mr.Kaplan was referring to it being paired initially and later becoming one single bone ...

hope this helps and if somebody knows more about the metopic suture pls do share with us

Yea thats wad kaplan says....if thats the case then probably almost all the bones would be called paired since they all fuse and have sutures(including mandible whch fuses in early life)Hmmm dunno what criteria these kaplan ppl use to differentiate that.😕
P.S-metopic suture begins at nose and runs superiorly to meet sagittal suture and fuses during infancy (fusion beginning at 3 months and completes by 6 to 8 months of age) before all other cranial sutures.

 

[Svetlana]

In organisms sensitive to penicillin, this antibiotic shows the greatest bactericidal activity against

1. growing gram-negative bacteria.
2. growing gram-positive bacteria ..ANSWER
3. nongrowing gram-negative bacteria.
4. nongrowing gram-positive bacteria.
5. sporulating gram-negative bacteria.

this Q is from ASDA... i don't know if i am overworked or i am loosing my gray cells early in life ... but can someone please explain the question to me in another words .. thanks u ...

Penicillin is most active against which of the following?

 

[anniemirza]

Penicillin is most active against which of the following?

Yea in simple words dats the Q.
Ans-Pencillins are effective only against gram-positive growing bacteria.Non -growing bacteria are protected.