Lets discuss questions of NBDE 1

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1). .Which angle does a P Wave makes on ECG?
a). .45 degree
b). .180 degree
c). .0 degree
d). .-45 degree
e). .-180 degree.

2). .What is endogenous cholesterol? Most endogenous cholesterol is converted to?
a). .Glucose
b). .Cholic acid
c). .Steroid
d). .Oxaloacetete
e). .Ketone bodies

3). .Which of the following statement is correct regarding Glioblastoma multiforme?
a). .the tumor is most common before puberty
b). .it is classified as a type of meningioma
c). .it is most common type of Astrocytoma.
d). .Its prognosis is generally more favourablethan Grade 1 astrocytoma.
e). .It is derived from the epithelial lining of ventricles

4). .Which of the following pathological changes is irreversible?
a). .fatty changes in liver cells
b). .karyolysis in myocardial cells
c). .glycogen deposition in hepatocyte nuclei
d). .hydropic vacuolization of renal tubular epithelial cells.

5). .An example of Synergism is the effect of?
a). .insulin and glucagon on blood glucose
b). .estrogen and progesterone on uterine motility
c). .growth hormone and thyroxine on skeletal growth.
d). .Antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone on potassium excretion.
 
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anniemirza said:
Examples of innate immunity include anatomical barriers, mechanical removal, bacterial antagonism, pattern-recognition receptors, antigen-nonspecific defense chemicals, the complement pathways, phagocytosis, inflammation, and fever
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/innate/alternative.html

T cell with CD8 receptor functions in cell-mediated immunity, recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and binds to the infected cell and kill it.
Click to expand...

Did not understand which choice you picked 😕
 
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bratdoc, no dont be confused at all.. let me explain in simple words;
one mnemonic ;GM makes classic cars.

classic pathway: invloves IgG, IgM

alternative pathway: no antobodies production,there is simply phagocytosis, as thebody is going with alternate path rather than going with antiboides activation which is a long path for the body to react to antigen.

keep this funda clear, cram it becuase this is an important topic.



bratdoc said:
from previous threads

Which is an example of innate immunity
1. Allergic reaction to insect venom
2. classical complement pathway
3. destruction of virus-infected cells by T-killer cells
4. IgG production in response to insect venom
5. Alternate complement pathway----------------answer

im stuck between 3 and 5
Click to expand...
 
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teethie said:
bratdoc, no dont be confused at all.. let me explain in simple words;
one mnemonic ;GM makes classic cars.

classic pathway: invloves IgG, IgM

alternative pathway: no antobodies production,there is simply phagocytosis, as thebody is going with alternate path rather than going with antiboides activation which is a long path for the body to react to antigen.

keep this funda clear, cram it becuase this is an important topic.
Click to expand...

Thanks Teethie... i know this mnemonic... thats why i chose option 5... but was confused why cant it be 3. destruction of virus-infected cells by T-killer cells also? isnt this also complement mediated killing??😕
 
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bratdoc said:
Thanks Teethie... i know this mnemonic... thats why i chose option 5... but was confused why cant it be 3. destruction of virus-infected cells by T-killer cells also? isnt this also complement mediated killing??😕
Click to expand...
There is no complement here...it is cell-mediated thru macrophages,lymphocytes,killer cells etc....
 
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bratdoc said:
Thanks so that means innate immunity lacks cell-mediated response right?
Click to expand...
Yes dont 4get the classification:
1.Innate
2.Acquired/cell mediated
a.cellular-T-lymphocytes(killer cells,helper cells)
b.humoral-B-lymphocytes(memory cells,pllasma cells)
 
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hi bratdoc, becuase Tcells are not part of innate imunity, they are part of acquired imunity.and antibodies are also part of acquired immnunity.
in layman lnguage if I say, innate immunity is very simple no cells or antibodies chakkar.



bratdoc said:
Thanks Teethie... i know this mnemonic... thats why i chose option 5... but was confused why cant it be 3. destruction of virus-infected cells by T-killer cells also? isnt this also complement mediated killing??😕
Click to expand...
 
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teethie said:
hi bratdoc, becuase Tcells are not part of innate imunity, they are part of acquired imunity.and antibodies are also part of acquired immnunity.
in layman lnguage if I say, innate immunity is very simple no cells or antibodies chakkar.
Click to expand...

Haha 🙂 Thanks Teethie and anniemirza!
 
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pl help with this anyone......I am looking forward to hearing from sdners whom I helped. now is my time to ask for a favor.

teethie said:
Can anyone explain the spinal tract pathways in simple way?
i am always forgetting the names and functions.
Is there any mnemonic for that??
anyone please??
Click to expand...
 
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teethie said:
pl help with this anyone......I am looking forward to hearing from sdners whom I helped. now is my time to ask for a favor.
Click to expand...
Hi Teethie this is what i found.... not a mnemonic but still it can help!

2 posterior: cross at the medulla.
2 lateral: ipsilateral (same side).
2 anterior: cross at the spinal level.
· See diagram.
· Note 1: Descending tracts on left of figure, ascending tracts on right.
· Note 2: For ipsilaterals: one never crosses, one crosses at the level then doubles back farther up. The ipsilateral that crosses at the level (ventral spinocerebellar) is the ipsilateral closest to the 2 anterior ones, which also cross at the level.
· Tract names in each group:
Posterior 2: lateral corticalspinal, dorsal columns. Lateral 2: dorsal spinocerebellar, ventral spinocerebellar. Anterior 2: ventral corticospinal, spinothalamic.
 

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Spinal tracts: Gracilus vs. Cuneatus: origin from upper vs. lower limbs
Gracilus is the name of a muscle in the legs, so Fasciculus Gracilus is for the lower limbs.
By default, Fasciculus Cuneatus must be for upper limbs.
 
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bratdoc, thank u for ur help, i did not ask u though because u were also looking for the same and i was expecting others to come forward with their views.
anyways, if i am not getting help, I am discouraged in using this thread.

 
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teethie said:
No PB2007,
this is exception in mand anteriors.
only maxillary anteriors have wider lingual then facial embrasure.
Click to expand...
thanks for corrections teethie.👍
dont be discouraged teethie,this is a tough topic ,i'm myself struggling hard to keep it in my mind ,didnt come across any gud menomics so far for them.
 
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bratdoc said:
Hi Teethie this is what i found.... not a mnemonic but still it can help!

2 posterior: cross at the medulla.
2 lateral: ipsilateral (same side).
2 anterior: cross at the spinal level.
· See diagram.
· Note 1: Descending tracts on left of figure, ascending tracts on right.
· Note 2: For ipsilaterals: one never crosses, one crosses at the level then doubles back farther up. The ipsilateral that crosses at the level (ventral spinocerebellar) is the ipsilateral closest to the 2 anterior ones, which also cross at the level.
· Tract names in each group:
Posterior 2: lateral corticalspinal, dorsal columns. Lateral 2: dorsal spinocerebellar, ventral spinocerebellar. Anterior 2: ventral corticospinal, spinothalamic.
Click to expand...
Spinal tracts: Gracilus vs. Cuneatus: origin from upper vs. lower limbs Gracilus is the name of a muscle in the legs, so Fasciculus Gracilus is for the lower limbs.
An easy mnemonic for remembering the spinal tracts and associated sensory and motor response is LMNOP: Light touch, Motor and No Pain. This means that light touch sensation and motor impulses are carried by nerve tracts on the same side of the spinal cord, but pain sensation is carried by pain tracts on the opposite side.
 
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thank u pb2007 and bratdoc for always answering my questions, i will try not to post irrelevant ques as your exams are close. and it will be waste of time for looking into some queries during last days of revision.
again thanks a lot and all the best to both of you.👍



pb2007 said:
Spinal tracts: Gracilus vs. Cuneatus: origin from upper vs. lower limbs Gracilus is the name of a muscle in the legs, so Fasciculus Gracilus is for the lower limbs.
An easy mnemonic for remembering the spinal tracts and associated sensory and motor response is LMNOP: Light touch, Motor and No Pain. This means that light touch sensation and motor impulses are carried by nerve tracts on the same side of the spinal cord, but pain sensation is carried by pain tracts on the opposite side.
Click to expand...
 
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@teethie ...I searched for all the mneumonics teethie....found all the above but i guess we ned some more...better ones.anyways till den to rmbr the names i made dis one😀
Descending tracts: "MARLO's TV"----consists of all the descending tract names....
Ascending tracts: "u PASS u LAFF"(as in laugh):laugh:!---- consists of all the ascending tract names....
Thats how I studied in ma undergraduate....anyways will come up with something with the functions and nucleii too...🙂
 
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thank u annie, i appreciate.

anniemirza said:
@teethie ...I searched for all the mneumonics teethie....found all the above but i guess we some more...better ones.anyways till den to rmbr the names i made dis one😀
Descending tracts: "MARLO's TV"----consists of all the descending tract names....
Ascending tracts: "u PASS u LAFF"(as in laugh):laugh:!---- consists of all the ascending tract names....
Thats how I studied in ma undergraduate....anyways will come up with something with the functions and nucleii too...🙂
Click to expand...
 
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mnemonic :

Internal Jugular Vein[FONT=cd9800308d99869d0c0eeaf0#500c00] (inferior to superior).
"Medical Schools Let Confident People In":
Middle thyroid
Superior thyroid
Lingual
Common facial
Pharyngeal
Inferior petrosal sinus

Orbit: bones of medial wall
My Little Earring Shines
Maxilla (frontal process)
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid (body)
 
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very hard subject
but what i know:
spinothalamic tract (lateral) pain and temperature opposite side,
medial lemniscus : touch and pressure and proprioception same side
corticospinal descending : volontary movement same side
i don't know if this will help
 
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Long bones of skeleton increase in length because of interstitial or appositional growth on epiphys.plate?

ASDA says interstitial?
But i thought that only cartilage,not bone,grows this way...😕
 
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During tooth eruption, the permanent successors of primary teeth move in occlusal and...buccal/lingual direction.
ASDA says buccal.
But as i remember if ,for example,1ry mand.CI will be left in the arch for longer than usual time-->perm.mand.CI will erupt lingually?

Where am i mistaken?
 
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see below:


Svetlana said:
Long bones of skeleton increase in length because of interstitial or appositional growth on epiphys.plate?

ASDA says interstitial?-------------thats correct. increase in length is interstitial, appositional is increase in girth.
cartilage grows both interstially and appositionally.

But i thought that only cartilage,not bone,grows this way...😕
Click to expand...
 
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Svetlana said:
Long bones of skeleton increase in length because of interstitial or appositional growth on epiphys.plate?

ASDA says interstitial?
But i thought that only cartilage,not bone,grows this way...😕
Click to expand...

LIE is the mnemonic for increase in length -->

L - length
I - Interstitial growth of cartilage at epiphyseal plate
E - Endochondral ossification

yes, BONE is appositional growth only
Cartilage is appositional and interstitial growth

hope this helps and pls correct me if i am wrong !
 
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cindrella, u mean bone will grow in length by appositional?????




Cindrella said:
LIE is the mnemonic for increase in length -->

L - length
I - Interstitial growth of cartilage at epiphyseal plate
E - Endochondral ossification

yes, BONE is appositional growth only
Cartilage is appositional and interstitial growth

hope this helps and pls correct me if i am wrong !
Click to expand...
 
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teethie said:
pl help with this anyone......I am looking forward to hearing from sdners whom I helped. now is my time to ask for a favor.
Click to expand...

SENSORY - ASCENDING - DORSAL ( SAD - mnemonic )

1- Anterior spinothalamic -- TOUCH + PRESSURE ( TP - mnemonic )

i.e for Time Pass you PRESS , it hurts and u say OUCH 🙂

2- Lateral spinothalamic -- TEMPERATURE + PAIN ( TP - mnemonic )

( Q-- Isn't this the largest ascending tract ?!? ) 😕

3- Posterior columns - Gracilis + Cuneatus -- Proprioception and position sense

Posterior columns - Gracilis + Cuneatus - Post Graduate is Cute

Posterior columns - Proprioception and Position sense ( PPP - mnemonic )

4- Spinocerebellar -- proprioception + motor coordination

cerebellum is for muscle coordination .. right ?!


---------------------------------------------------------------

@ Teethie : i know these mnemonics aren't great but 1 or 2 may help 🙂 👍
 
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teethie said:
cindrella, u mean bone will grow in length by appositional?????
Click to expand...

Nope teethie ...
growth in length occurs by growth of cartilage not bone itself

and about bone undergoing appositional growth and cartilage undergoing interstitial growth and appositional growth ( i read it somewhere too but i guess it is of no relevance here )

BONE formation -->

1-Intramembranous growth : here no cartilage is formed and directly bone is formed --> here only appositional growth occurs

2-Endochondral growth : first hyaline cartilage is formed and that is replaced by bone --> here both appositional and interstitial growth occurs


is this explanation ok ???? 🙂
 
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Do you,guys agree that transseptal fibers prevent ant.-post.movement?
Confused with that.Saw some Q with dif.ans.
 
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Svetlana said:
Do you,guys agree that transseptal fibers prevent ant.-post.movement?
Confused with that.Saw some Q with dif.ans.
Click to expand...

Transseptal fibres have no role in dental equilibrium .

these fibres cause opening of the space after active orthodontic treatment 'cuz the fibres pull the tooth to its original posture ....


check - http://books.google.ca/books?id=u6v...&resnum=8&ved=0CFEQ6wEwBw#v=onepage&q&f=false

svetlana are those asked in ASDA papers ??!

Also while u r online , could you please tell me where can i read these postganglionic receptors and stuff from ?! and is the neurophysiology chapter correct in first aid or are there any errors ?! Since my neuro isn't strong i wdn't even know if there are errors 🙁 thank you ..
 
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Cindrella said:
Transseptal fibres have no role in dental equilibrium .

these fibres cause opening of the space after active orthodontic treatment 'cuz the fibres pull the tooth to its original posture ....


check - http://books.google.ca/books?id=u6v...&resnum=8&ved=0CFEQ6wEwBw#v=onepage&q&f=false

svetlana are those asked in ASDA papers ??!

Also while u r online , could you please tell me where can i read these postganglionic receptors and stuff from ?! and is the neurophysiology chapter correct in first aid or are there any errors ?! Since my neuro isn't strong i wdn't even know if there are errors 🙁 thank you ..
Click to expand...

Hi Cinderella!
Thanks for link!
I actually do not use 1st aid,so. idont know about it.
I m using kaplan.Wiki.USMLE as reference.

And about this Q,i just found it in my notes,do not remember the source(((
For neuroanatomy i really recommend Kaplan video lectures!!!Its awesome!
 
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Guys,those who are close to exam,do you know by heart all the antibiotics,their application,mechanism...?
Coz im reviewing it now from Kaplan,it so hard!
Thousands of them with dif.functions!!!!
 
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Svetlana said:
Guys,those who are close to exam,do you know by heart all the antibiotics,their application,mechanism...?
Coz im reviewing it now from Kaplan,it so hard!
Thousands of them with dif.functions!!!!
Click to expand...

DO we need to know all of them in detail?? or just the ones with major side effects, unique moa's etc??
 
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Well,thats the Q!!!
How deep we should go with antibiotics?
Lets say Kaplan.Is all the necessary info?
Somebody is using this source?
 
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Svetlana said:
Guys,those who are close to exam,do you know by heart all the antibiotics,their application,mechanism...?
Coz im reviewing it now from Kaplan,it so hard!
Thousands of them with dif.functions!!!!
Click to expand...
i have followed kaplan review micro part for antibiotics n it has 3 pages in that chap which sum up the mao of antibiotics very well ,they will test u inside out for mao for what kaplan mentions ,n if u r gud in genetics there is no need to mug those mao jst relate n learn.
some unique side effects n mao and also some drugs for specific diseases i learnt which i came across while learning respective chapters .
make you own notes from previous ques in asda exm.
 
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Hi guys i have a few questions
1. Which tooth/teeth has/have a transverse ridge?
2. Which tooth/teeth has/have a transverse ridge which separates the fossa from the rest of the occlusal table?
 
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bratdoc said:
Hi guys i have a few questions
1. Which tooth/teeth has/have a transverse ridge?
2. Which tooth/teeth has/have a transverse ridge which separates the fossa from the rest of the occlusal table?
3. The embryonic origin of the urinary system(Which part from ectoderm which from meso and endo)
Click to expand...
mandibular first premolar has most prominent transverse ridge of all the premolars .
 
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bratdoc said:
Thanks pb2007!
what about molars?? mand 1st or max 1st or none?
Click to expand...

bractdoc i'm not sure on this that's why i didnt answer but i think its mandibular molar ,came across some ques on this frm exm but need to find exact thing.
for embro ques
linning of bladder and urethra frm endoderm
urogenital system ...mesoderm.
this is all i kno abt this ques.
 
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pb2007 said:
bractdoc i'm not sure on this that's why i didnt answer but i think its mandibular molar ,came across some ques on this frm exm but need to find exact thing.
for embro ques
linning of bladder and urethra frm endoderm
urogenital system ...mesoderm.
this is all i kno abt this ques.
Click to expand...

Thank you so much Pb2007 and Teethie!!
 
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