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Part -1 questions
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in the 1st question, solution A is less acidic compared to sol.B ....so shd have less hydrogen ions than in sol.B which is indicated only in choice no. 1
regarding 5th q, low po2 in arterial blood is seen in pulmonary AV shunt becoz there is a pathological mixing of arterial and venous blood which will lower the po2 in the pulm. venous blood
in anemia, oxygen content of hemoglobin is reduced and no effect on po2
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secondary hypertension is d/t some underlying cause ,most commonly the kidney disease
example is HIV
.1 polymerization of aminoacids to form procollagen filaments occurs.
.a on ribosomes.
.b in golgi apparatus.
.c on the fibroblastic surface.
.d in rough ER.
.e. after cleavage of the registration peptide.
. explanation--(Individual collagen polypeptide chains are synthesized on membrane-bound ribosomes and injected into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as larger precursors, called pro-a chains. These precursors have a short amino-terminal signal peptide that is required to direct the nascent polypeptide into the ER, and additional amino acid sequences at both the amino- and carboxy-terminal ends called propeptides. In the lumen of the ER, selected proline and lysine residues are hydroxylated to form hydroxyproline (HyP) and hydroxylysine (HyL) residues by specific hydroxylase enzymes that require vitamin C. Some of the hydroxylysine residues are glycosylated by specific glycosylation enzymes. Each pro-a chain is a left-handed helix and the three pro-a chains are wrapped in a right handed triple helical molecule known as procollagen. The hydroxyl groups of the HyL and HyP amino acids form interchain hydrogen bonds that help stabilize the triple-stranded helix. Dietary deficiency of vitamin C causes under hydroxylation of the procollagen chains which destabilizes the triple helix and causes scurvy.)
2 which of the following does not have an active electron transport across the mitochondrial memebrane?
a)brain,
b)pancreas,
C)kidney,
d)blood,
e)liver
3) Each of the following factors affect height of the cusps and depths of fossae on restorations except one. Which one is the exception?
a- curve of spee
b-intercondylar distance
c-vertical overlap of anterior teeth
d-horizontal overlap of anterior teeth
e-steepness of the articular eminence
.4)In erytrhopoiesis, which of the following increases from the proerythroblast to the mature erythrocyte?.
.a. Cell size.
.b. Phagocytic ability.
.c. Cytoplasmic acidophilia.
.d. Cytoplasmis basophilia.
.5 ..Wich of the following is the feature of Y chromosome?.
.a acrocentic.
.b-telocentric.
.c-submetacentric.
.d-metacentric .
.6.Primary function of lysosomes in steroid producing cells?.
.a.digest cellular debris.
.b.hydrolyse spent cellular organelles.
.c. remove excess steroid from cells.
.d.remove steroid precursors.
.e. cleave the ester from cholestrol ester to produce free ..cholesterol.
7viscosity is greatest in
a.vasa recta
b.aorta
c.pulmonary artery
d.pulmonary vein
e.SVC
8 what type of hemoglobin do diabetic pts have:
a.HbF
b.HbA
c.Hbic
d.Hbs
9 Which of the following structures is lined with epithelium derived from mesoderm of the ureteric bud?
A. Bowman's capsule
B. Distal convoluted tubule
C. Loop of Henle
D. Proximal convoluted tubule
E. Ureter
.10 If a person has normal musculature, but has difficulty swallowing, which nerves should be tested for function? .
.A. Hypoglossal and phrenic .
.B. Hypoglossal and splanchnic .
.C. Glossopharyngeal and vagus .
.D. Phrenic and vagus .
.E. Splanchnic and vagus(.
The upper2/3 of the esophagus contains striated muscles.It is derived from the pharyngeal arches and innervated by vagus. The lower1/3 contains smooth muscle from splanchnic mesoderm and is innervated by the splanchnic plexus. The vagus has mixed sensory and motor function. The sensory fiber innervate the sensory nuclei and autonomic centers of the medulla oblongata.The motor fibers innervate muscles of the palate,pharynx and respiratory and cardiovascular systems. glosso and vagus for voluntary swallowing(hypoglossal also plays a part, in controlling the tongue, an essential component of voluntary swallowing... diff phases...)
and vagus and splanchnic for involuntary swallowing...
11 nerves of anterior abdominal wall lie immediately deep to which layer of the wall?
A.external oblique muscle
B.internal oblique muscle
C.transversus abdominis
D.transversalis fascia
E.peritoneum
12 vasodilation and increased vasopermeability lasting for several days in an area of inflarmation indicate which of the following?
a.thrombosis
b.release of bradykinin
c.hageman factor activation
d.formation of granulation tissue
e.endothelial cell damage and disruption
.a on ribosomes.
.b in golgi apparatus.
.c on the fibroblastic surface.
.d in rough ER.
.e. after cleavage of the registration peptide.
. explanation--(Individual collagen polypeptide chains are synthesized on membrane-bound ribosomes and injected into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as larger precursors, called pro-a chains. These precursors have a short amino-terminal signal peptide that is required to direct the nascent polypeptide into the ER, and additional amino acid sequences at both the amino- and carboxy-terminal ends called propeptides. In the lumen of the ER, selected proline and lysine residues are hydroxylated to form hydroxyproline (HyP) and hydroxylysine (HyL) residues by specific hydroxylase enzymes that require vitamin C. Some of the hydroxylysine residues are glycosylated by specific glycosylation enzymes. Each pro-a chain is a left-handed helix and the three pro-a chains are wrapped in a right handed triple helical molecule known as procollagen. The hydroxyl groups of the HyL and HyP amino acids form interchain hydrogen bonds that help stabilize the triple-stranded helix. Dietary deficiency of vitamin C causes under hydroxylation of the procollagen chains which destabilizes the triple helix and causes scurvy.)
2 which of the following does not have an active electron transport across the mitochondrial memebrane?
a)brain,
b)pancreas,
C)kidney,
d)blood,
e)liver
3) Each of the following factors affect height of the cusps and depths of fossae on restorations except one. Which one is the exception?
a- curve of spee
b-intercondylar distance
c-vertical overlap of anterior teeth
d-horizontal overlap of anterior teeth
e-steepness of the articular eminence
.4)In erytrhopoiesis, which of the following increases from the proerythroblast to the mature erythrocyte?.
.a. Cell size.
.b. Phagocytic ability.
.c. Cytoplasmic acidophilia.
.d. Cytoplasmis basophilia.
.5 ..Wich of the following is the feature of Y chromosome?.
.a acrocentic.
.b-telocentric.
.c-submetacentric.
.d-metacentric .
.6.Primary function of lysosomes in steroid producing cells?.
.a.digest cellular debris.
.b.hydrolyse spent cellular organelles.
.c. remove excess steroid from cells.
.d.remove steroid precursors.
.e. cleave the ester from cholestrol ester to produce free ..cholesterol.
7viscosity is greatest in
a.vasa recta
b.aorta
c.pulmonary artery
d.pulmonary vein
e.SVC
8 what type of hemoglobin do diabetic pts have:
a.HbF
b.HbA
c.Hbic
d.Hbs
9 Which of the following structures is lined with epithelium derived from mesoderm of the ureteric bud?
A. Bowman's capsule
B. Distal convoluted tubule
C. Loop of Henle
D. Proximal convoluted tubule
E. Ureter
.10 If a person has normal musculature, but has difficulty swallowing, which nerves should be tested for function? .
.A. Hypoglossal and phrenic .
.B. Hypoglossal and splanchnic .
.C. Glossopharyngeal and vagus .
.D. Phrenic and vagus .
.E. Splanchnic and vagus(.
The upper2/3 of the esophagus contains striated muscles.It is derived from the pharyngeal arches and innervated by vagus. The lower1/3 contains smooth muscle from splanchnic mesoderm and is innervated by the splanchnic plexus. The vagus has mixed sensory and motor function. The sensory fiber innervate the sensory nuclei and autonomic centers of the medulla oblongata.The motor fibers innervate muscles of the palate,pharynx and respiratory and cardiovascular systems. glosso and vagus for voluntary swallowing(hypoglossal also plays a part, in controlling the tongue, an essential component of voluntary swallowing... diff phases...)
and vagus and splanchnic for involuntary swallowing...
11 nerves of anterior abdominal wall lie immediately deep to which layer of the wall?
A.external oblique muscle
B.internal oblique muscle
C.transversus abdominis
D.transversalis fascia
E.peritoneum
12 vasodilation and increased vasopermeability lasting for several days in an area of inflarmation indicate which of the following?
a.thrombosis
b.release of bradykinin
c.hageman factor activation
d.formation of granulation tissue
e.endothelial cell damage and disruption
hey rajvanhar,are u sure about the 12th answer
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this q refers to autoregulation in tissues in which vasodilatory metabolites eg.adenosine directly regulates the blood flow to organs by increasing the capilary diameter in the organ itself
hey porcelain258 !! wt about this Q .. i found it smwhere ..lol... wtever i think .. this Q may clear up smthin about 12th Q
2.which chemical mediator of acute inflammation is generated through the activation of an enzyme precursor that require activated hageman factor?
a.bradykinin
b.serotonin
c.histamine
d.leokotriene(LTB4)
e.prostacyclin(pgl2)
for q related to collagen asked above ..i think that answer should be golgi.I read from usmle first aid it states that..in golgi of fibroblasts glycosylation of pro alpha chain lysine residues and procollagen is formed.these
procollagen molecules are exocytosed into extracellular space.
In RER..collagen alpha chains PREPRocollagen is translated on RER.
hydroxlation of proline and lysine residues occur on ER.
outside fibroblasts..
procollagen peptidase cleaves procollagen, trannsfoming it into insolube tropocollagen.Tropocollagen molecules are reinforced by lysine hydrolysine cross linkage by lysyl oxidase to make collagen fibrils.
Please come forward and discuss
procollagen molecules are exocytosed into extracellular space.
In RER..collagen alpha chains PREPRocollagen is translated on RER.
hydroxlation of proline and lysine residues occur on ER.
outside fibroblasts..
procollagen peptidase cleaves procollagen, trannsfoming it into insolube tropocollagen.Tropocollagen molecules are reinforced by lysine hydrolysine cross linkage by lysyl oxidase to make collagen fibrils.
Please come forward and discuss
you r absolutely right docasrpa but the only wrong thing is that procollagen is cleaved by peptidases to form soluble tropocollagen ....not insoluble becoz that is what serves the purpose of cleaving becoz procollagen is insoluble
yes rajvanvar that makes sense now!!!👍
thanku ....and bradykinin is a vasodilator for sure
i think it should be HBV... concentration of HBV in blood of carrier can range from 1,000,000 to 100,000,000 virions per ml, in contrast ot singnificantly lower loads demonstrated for HIV.
this is present in decks too.
its IL2...IL1 secreted by macrophages
after amoxicillin administration,,pt becomes hypotensive , itchy , and difficulty breathing due to : amoxicillin reacts with IgE and activates cytotoxic T cells to release lymphokines..
or
IgE bound to antigen results in histamine release frm mast cell
plzzzzzzz reply
thanks
or
IgE bound to antigen results in histamine release frm mast cell
plzzzzzzz reply
thanks
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chronic hepatitis
please correct me if i am wrong
plzzzz correct me if i am wrong
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please correct me if i am wrong
ans shd be gram negative anaerobic rods and fusobacteria
barrets esophagus is d/t hypersecretion of acid in the stomach and its reflux n so epithelium changes from str.squamous to simple columnar (glandular epithelium)as is found in rest of GIT which can result in adenocarcinoma of esophagus
i think ans is right with gram positive n filamentous bact.
because gram negative colonies later to appear .. in plaque .. so if plaque is in later stages then for sure gingivitis will also be there fir sure.
