I appreciate your interest in our system and I am interested in yours as well. I think it's quite amazing your ambulances have physicians in them. I'm sorry to disappoint you that Serbia is not highly regarded in the states, but I guess that's just the nature of the beast, so to speak. I believe when you are as rich a country as the US, and are basically the #1 powerhouse in the world for medical research, you step on a lot of people on the way there. Being at the top often makes one arrogant, and I don't believe the US is immune to that.
There are many Serbian doctors here, I'm sure, and all are very capable at their profession, since they would have to take the USMLE licensing exam and complete their training here. I'm sure many doctors here respect Serbian doctors, although they will really give no second though to their training. A school in the Congo is the same as a school in Serbia is the same as a school in Indonesia to most people here. We are for the most part unfamiliar with the system, and many around the world are unfamiliar with ours.
As far as our system, if you aren't familiar with it, goes like so:
Students graduate high school at around age 18. They then enter an undergraduate university, where they study for 4 years in any subject they like. During those 4 years, regardless of the faculty they study in, they must take 1 year of general chemistry, 1 year of organic chemistry, 1 year of biology, 1 year of physics, and for some schools, 1 year of English and 1 year of calculus or some sort of math. More schools now are requiring biochemistry. Students usually take the MCAT (Medical College Admissions Test) in the spring of their 3rd year in university. This test is composed of mostly scientific and literature passages that involve physics, organic & general chemistry, biology, and literature. The average score of all test-takers is a 24 (I believe), and the average of the students who get accepted to medical school is much higher, around a 30 to 31.
After they graduate in 4 years with a bachelors degree, they enter medical school. The average grade point average (GPA) of students to get in is a 3.6-3.7 out of a 4.0. As I said, the average MCAT score is a 30-31. In addition, 99% of students have many hours of volunteer and leadership experience both on and off campus. Although students may have studied in any faculty during undergraduate education, the majority have a bachelors degree in biology, biochemistry, or chemistry these days.
Medical education is 4 years in the US. The first two years comprise of didactic courses, which include: physiology, biochemistry, anatomy, pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, etc. The final two years of medical school consists of learning in the hospital. Students rotate through hospitals for certain amounts of time in different fields. For example, students will spend 12 weeks in internal medicine, 12 weeks in surgery, 6 weeks in OB/GYN, 6 weeks in psychiatry, 6 weeks in family medicine, etc. There are usually a few months where students may do elective rotations in any field they are most interested in (plastic surgery, ophthalmology, cardiology, dermatology, orthopedic surgery, etc.).
After a student graduates from medical school, they are a doctor. However, they cannot get a license or work yet! So the degree is essentially worthless until the student completes a residency. Residencies range from 3 years minimum (internal medicine, family medicine), 5 years (orthopedic surgery, otolaryngology, radiology, radiation oncology, etc.), to 7 years (some general surgery programs have 5 years of surgery and 2 years of research attached, neurosurgery). After a residency, some students wish to further specialize. After 3 years of internal medicine, students can apply for a further 3 years of training in subspecialties like: cardiology, gastroenterology, pulmonology, allergy & immunology, etc. During residency, the law states a resident can not work more than 80 hours average per week. This is a law on paper only, though, because many residents still work well over 100 hours per week, many times working for a couple of days straight through with no rest. Whether this system is in need of an overhaul if a topic of much debate. Most European countries have much lower working hours, closer to 50-60 hours per week.
So, the length of education is:
4 years undergraduate university
4 years medical school
3-7 years residency
1-3 years fellowship
So a student entering university at age 18 who wants to become a neurosurgeon with a fellowship in spine surgery could be 34 years old before s/he finally gets out of school! Or to be a cardiologist, they would be about 32 years old before they leave school and residency training.