What are the common consequences of say, being by yourself on call as a resident and coming back with a subpar report, or missing something obvious? Is it common to get reamed out by the surgeons/other consulting docs who pick up on your mistake, even if it's something relatively minor? Will your radiology attending make an example of you the next day?
Depends how bad we're talking about and depends on what setting. Some places don't really have much independent overnight call anymore. In places where you still have several hours of independence (I'm talking about at least 12am-8am)...
No to small clinical impact (e.g. missed tiny subsegmental PE without heart strain, mild colitis, etc.): Nothing really, especially if there's no clinical change in management and the attending doesn't need to do a callback. If they do, you might slightly tick off the rad attending for the day reading out your cases but they'll forget about it.
Moderate impact: Same as above mostly except a bit worse.
Large impact (e.g. missing an obvious perforated appendicitis): Referrer and attending will be ticked off. You almost certainly WILL NOT be sued if you're worried about this. And if this is something rare for you, especially as a junior, there is no lasting impact. Obviously if it's a pattern there is an underlying issue and your PD will talk to you. To be honest I don't know a single person who has had this issue so I'm not sure where this leads... presumably if we're anything like other specialties then you'll have some form of remediation. I would assume an added extra block of dedicated ER readouts or something of that nature.
Massive impact (e.g. missed an obvious pathology that led to patient death or severe disability that could have been averted... something like a main pulmonary artery PE, severe bowel ischemia, acutely occluded carotid): You/your attending/your department will almost certainly receive a complaint from the referrer and your attendings will be pretty unhappy. You'll feel guilty about the bad outcome for the patient. There will be some chance of medicolegal action (while it still isn't that common, there is enough of a risk it'll keep you up at night). If it is a one off, you won't be fired. If it is a pattern... I would imagine remediation as the lightest form of action.
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Overall I really wouldn't worry too much about it. Massive misses are very, very, very rare. The pathologies here tend to be more obvious too. The times where I have heard of these occurring are the ward equivalent of putting out an order on the wrong patient who shares the same name. Obviously you want these sort of misses to be "never events".
Large misses may happen a few times during the course of a whole radiology residency. Usually it isn't as clearcut as a complete miss, but rather, some degree of clinically significant undercalling, which I would downgrade to a "moderate impact miss".
Radiology residency isn't that different from others in this sense. There are certain diseases that as a resident you should essentially never miss even as a junior. Ortho and severe compartment syndrome, IM and severe DKA, ER and obvious STEMI, etc.