Lets discuss questions of NBDE 1

[d dimps]

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1). .Which angle does a P Wave makes on ECG?
a). .45 degree
b). .180 degree
c). .0 degree
d). .-45 degree
e). .-180 degree.

2). .What is endogenous cholesterol? Most endogenous cholesterol is converted to?
a). .Glucose
b). .Cholic acid
c). .Steroid
d). .Oxaloacetete
e). .Ketone bodies

3). .Which of the following statement is correct regarding Glioblastoma multiforme?
a). .the tumor is most common before puberty
b). .it is classified as a type of meningioma
c). .it is most common type of Astrocytoma.
d). .Its prognosis is generally more favourablethan Grade 1 astrocytoma.
e). .It is derived from the epithelial lining of ventricles

4). .Which of the following pathological changes is irreversible?
a). .fatty changes in liver cells
b). .karyolysis in myocardial cells
c). .glycogen deposition in hepatocyte nuclei
d). .hydropic vacuolization of renal tubular epithelial cells.

5). .An example of Synergism is the effect of?
a). .insulin and glucagon on blood glucose
b). .estrogen and progesterone on uterine motility
c). .growth hormone and thyroxine on skeletal growth.
d). .Antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone on potassium excretion.

 

[teethie]

actinobacillus actinomycetemocomitans causes juvenile periodontits.
actinomyces israeli cause abscesses.

all of following maybe related to dental caries, except

-strep mutan
-actinobacillus actinomycetemocomitans (answer)
-actinomyces israeli (why not this one?)😕
-lactobacillus casei

 

[wdent]

How many heme molecules and globular protein chains
a) 4 heme & 1 protein
b) 1heme & 4 proteins**Correct: Hemoglobin consists of 1 centered heme molecule on 2 sets of paired globular proteins (a2b2, a2d2, etc). Mutations in one of these types of globulins is the basis of thalassemias.
c) 4 heme & 4 chains (I think C is correct, because each peptide chain will attach to one heme, so 4 heme requires 4 chains....anyone agree with me???

@deck..
I agree with u ..becz. thats what i answerd in first place

answer is 4 heme and 4 protiens why ? because Hb consist of 4 polypetide chain and each contain a molecule of here .... so we can conclude that 4 heme with 4 protien...

Any other explanation ,,thats what i remeber when i studied it,,!

 

[ddsaspi]

Please answer these Qs:

which is least likely to infect a burn lesion
a) psueddomonas
b) staphylococcus aureus
c) clostidium tetani
d) mycobacterium ulceratumanswer

Section below the T4 of spinal chord. what do u worry about?
a) Bowel emptyinganswer
b) high blood pressure
c) temperature regulation

How is the Influenza get its genetic diversity
a) genetic reaasortmentanswer
b) genetic reaarangement
c) mutations

Most common carcinoma of lung
a) squamous cell carcinoma (According to ASDA papers this is the answer)
b) adenocarcinoma (According to decks 2010 this is the answer)answer i checked this is given in kaplan lecture notes
asda could have been right earlier, but it was 1986 paper, which uses 26 year old ds. incidence , presently it is adenocarcinoma, statistics since year 2000,its better to use common sense in exam

Which is least likely metastasis to bone
A) tongueanswer
b) colon

What is the possible cause of pulmonary emboli
a) arterial thrombosisanswer???
b) paraplegia

How many heme molecules and globular protein chainsin what, hemoglobin?? if hemoglobin then ans, still drdd3 please confirm
a) 4 heme & 1 protein
b) 1heme & 4 proteins
c) 4 heme & 4 chainsanswer

WHich is the direct tributary of celiac trunk
a) left gastric
b) common hepatic
c) splenic
all 3 are, is this an except Qn with one more choice, please confirm

What is associated with mushroom toxin that effects mRNA?
rna polymerse, in liver, associated with amanitin toxin of fungus amanita phalloides

please correct me if wrong..

 

[teethie]

pseudomonas auerogenosa is the most likely bacteria to infect burn lesions, i am 100% sure
this cannot be the answer.

please correct me if wrong..

which is least likely to infect a burn lesion
a) psueddomonasanswer
b) staphylococcus aureus
c) clostidium tetani
d) mycobacterium ulceratum

@teethie
Most common carcinoma of lung
a) squamous cell carcinoma (According to ASDA papers this is the answer)----kaplan also says this.
b) adenocarcinoma (According to decks 2010 this is the answer)--thanks ddsaspi for clarification, agree

 

[teethie]

i think if a patient is paraplegic, he is having more venous stasis due to bed ridden so answer should be B paraplegia.
i am open to corrections.

please correct me if wrong..

What is the possible cause of pulmonary emboli
a) arterial thrombosisanswer
b) paraplegiaits a consequence not the cause

 

[ddsaspi]

pseudomonas auerogenosa is the most likely bacteria to infect burn lesions, i am 100% sure
this cannot be the answer.


which is least likely to infect a burn lesion
a) psueddomonasanswer
b) staphylococcus aureus
c) clostidium tetani
d) mycobacterium ulceratum

hey guys i am so sorry, i posted 2 wrong ans, dint see except in both of them.. this one and colon cancer one,
yeah ans is tongue in the other Qn, and in this one we'll go by mycobacterium, as C. tetani can occur in wound contaminated infections..
i am still in a state of sleep,i guess, sorry again, i'll correct the ans above too.. thanks teethie..

 

[ddsaspi]

i think if a patient is paraplegic, he is having more venous stasis due to bed ridden so answer should be B paraplegia.
i am open to corrections.


What is the possible cause of pulmonary emboli
a) arterial thrombosisanswer
b) paraplegiaits a consequence not the cause

you are right teethie.

 

[wdent]

i think if a patient is paraplegic, he is having more venous stasis due to bed ridden so answer should be B paraplegia.
i am open to corrections.


What is the possible cause of pulmonary emboli
a) arterial thrombosisanswer
b) paraplegiaits a consequence not the cause

The answer is Paraplegia ia m100%sure !👍

Why paraplegia,,becz its an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities,can cause pr.sore,THROMBOSIS and pneuminia ..😎

 

[teethie]

thank u wdent for confirming it. 🙂

pl help with this:
which is the most reliable criteria for determining pathogenicity of stap aureus?
1)hemolytic
2)coagulase

The answer is Paraplegia ia m100%sure !👍

Why paraplegia,,becz its an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities,can cause pr.sore,THROMBOSIS and pneuminia ..😎

 

[asheer]

the ans is coagulase !!!! cos the hemolytic enzymes or streptolysin On S are produced by streptococi pyogenes!!!🙂

 

[teethie]

thanks asheer, got it now.
just for everyone info, i am pasting link.


S. aureus expresses many potential virulence factors: (1) surface proteins that promote colonization of host tissues; (2) invasins that promote bacterial spread in tissues (leukocidin, kinases, hyaluronidase); (3) surface factors that inhibit phagocytic engulfment (capsule, Protein A); (4) biochemical properties that enhance their survival in phagocytes (carotenoids, catalase production); (5) immunological disguises (Protein A, coagulase); (6) membrane-damaging toxins that lyse eucaryotic cell membranes (hemolysins, leukotoxin, leukocidin; (7) exotoxins that damage host tissues or otherwise provoke symptoms of disease (SEA-G, TSST, ET); and (8) inherent and acquired resistance to antimicrobial agents.

[FONT=verdana, geneva, arial, helvetica]FIGURE 2. Virulence determinants of Staphylococcus .

the ans is coagulase !!!! cos the hemolytic enzymes or streptolysin On S are produced by streptococi pyogenes!!!🙂

 

[ddsaspi]

Which of the following are thought to be most significant in etiology of microangiopathy in uncontrolled diabetes.
a. Genetic
b. hypertension
c. blood glucose level
d. hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia
e. direct effect of insulin deficiency on endothelium



formation of AV shunts are seen in which all places.This is not a Qn. but just want to be sure.
pagets disease
normal AV shunts in the skin
in healing wound and bone,
any corrections/additions in the list please suggest.


Role giant cells in osteitis fibrosa cystica?

 

[ddsaspi]

the ans is coagulase !!!! cos the hemolytic enzymes or streptolysin On S are produced by streptococi pyogenes!!!🙂

you are right in saying that coagulase is the determinant of pathogenic strains, but like streptolysin O, the Staph aureus also has a hemolysin, can you confirm if it is cytolysin which causes the hemolysis in Staph. aureus. ( S. aureus is Beta hemolytic.)

 

[teethie]

cytolytic toxins are pore forming in cytoplasmic membrane.
Staphylococcal gamma-hemolysin and leukocidin are bi-component cytolysins, which have different cell specificities towards erythrocytes and leukocytes, respectively.

you are right in saying that coagulase is the determinant of pathogenic strains, but like streptolysin O, the Staph aureus also has a hemolysin, can you confirm if it is cytolysin which causes the hemolysis in Staph. aureus. ( S. aureus is Beta hemolytic.)

 

[wdent]

Which of the following are thought to be most significant in etiology of microangiopathy in uncontrolled diabetes.
a. Genetic
b. hypertension
c. blood glucose level
d. hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia.....answer ! ,but iam not really sure what do u think ???? !!! 😳
e. direct effect of insulin deficiency on endothelium



formation of AV shunts are seen in which all places.This is not a Qn. but just want to be sure.
pagets disease
normal AV shunts in the skin
in healing wound and bone,
any corrections/additions in the list please suggest.


Role giant cells in osteitis fibrosa cystica?

We need answers here ..

 

[deck]

Tooth sensitivity to cold, hot, or pressure stimuli usually caused by exposure of which oral tissue?

Pulp
Dentin(answer)

Why is not pulp?? I thought pulp is the place with nervous system... help me!!! Thanks

 

[deck]

We need answers here ..

Diabetic microangiopathy- increase the synthesis of type





iv collagen in basement membranes and lack of insulin can decrease the capillary lipoprotein lipase activity in peripheral blood and cause accumulation of VLDL.--> hyperlipoprotenemia (hope this help ^^)🙂

 

[teethie]

Which of the following are thought to be most significant in etiology of microangiopathy in uncontrolled diabetes.
a. Genetic
b. hypertension
c. blood glucose level
d. hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia
e. direct effect of insulin deficiency on endothelium----answer

The association of diabetes mellitus, microangiopathy and metabolic syndrome is related to their effect on endothelial functtion. Indeed, the first two risk factors for microangiopathy that were identified in diabetic patients were, as mentioned above, poorly controlled glycemic levels and hypertension, and both were found to lead to endothelial dysfunction. The former (i.e.,hyperglycemic status) induces glucose toxicity by several possible different molecular mechanisms (the polyol pathway, advanced
glycation end-products pathway, the reactive oxygen intermediate
pathway, the protein kinase C pathway), which induce oxidative
stress and also lead to endothelial dysfunction and damage, charaacterized by abnormal angiogenesis, blood flow and/or contractility.​

http://www.ima.org.il/imaj/ar06jun-13.pdf

 

[asheer]

Tooth sensitivity to cold, hot, or pressure stimuli usually caused by exposure of which oral tissue?

Pulp
Dentin(answer)

Why is not pulp?? I thought pulp is the place with nervous system... help me!!! Thanks


see as they r talkin abt sensitivity it wud be dentine !!!!! if dey said pain den it wud be pulp !!!! ya pulp is the one wich has the nerves in it but in dentine the odontoblastic process gives the sensory innervation its just abt the dentinal sensitivity !!!!!! knw dat topic🙂

 

[ibeflossin]

Tooth sensitivity to cold, hot, or pressure stimuli usually caused by exposure of which oral tissue?

Pulp
Dentin(answer)

Why is not pulp?? I thought pulp is the place with nervous system... help me!!! Thanks


see as they r talkin abt sensitivity it wud be dentine !!!!! if dey said pain den it wud be pulp !!!! ya pulp is the one wich has the nerves in it but in dentine the odontoblastic process gives the sensory innervation its just abt the dentinal sensitivity !!!!!! knw dat topic🙂

i think the innervation of the pulp (free nerve endings such as a-delta & c-fibers) is always perceived as pain (not cold, hot, pressure, etc.) movement in dentinal tubules from cold, air, water, sugar, etc causes movement of the dentinal fluid which causes sensitivity of the tooth. the pulp views all of those things as "pain" which is why when someone drinks hot liquid in the case of irreversible pulpitis, they often have a very sharp painful sensation. hope this helps.

 

[ddsaspi]

Which of the following are thought to be most significant in etiology of microangiopathy in uncontrolled diabetes.
a. Genetic
b. hypertension
c. blood glucose level
d. hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia
e. direct effect of insulin deficiency on endothelium----answer

The association of diabetes mellitus, microangiopathy and metabolic syndrome is related to their effect on endothelial functtion. Indeed, the first two risk factors for microangiopathy that were identified in diabetic patients were, as mentioned above, poorly controlled glycemic levels and hypertension, and both were found to lead to endothelial dysfunction. The former (i.e.,hyperglycemic status) induces glucose toxicity by several possible different molecular mechanisms (the polyol pathway, advanced
glycation end-products pathway, the reactive oxygen intermediate
pathway, the protein kinase C pathway), which induce oxidative
stress and also lead to endothelial dysfunction and damage, charaacterized by abnormal angiogenesis, blood flow and/or contractility.​

http://www.ima.org.il/imaj/ar06jun-13.pdf

I looked up , and it says that all the effects of diabetes on vascular tissue, renal and retinopathy etc. are due to glycosylation of cells which further leads to their hyalinization.
Source Goljan notes..

Teethie even if you read the above text carefully it mentions the same , i.e. glucose toxicity. hence C.and E both make sense as an answer.

@teethie, again thanks for the earlier explanation on Staph, can you tell me the source?

 

[ddsaspi]

Which of the following are thought to be most significant in etiology of microangiopathy in uncontrolled diabetes.
a. Genetic
b. hypertension
c. blood glucose level
d. hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia
e. direct effect of insulin deficiency on endothelium



formation of AV shunts are seen in which all places.This is not a Qn. but just want to be sure.
pagets disease
normal AV shunts in the skin
in healing wound and bone,
any corrections/additions in the list please suggest.

I am adding one myself, AV malformations also seen in Angiodysplasia, asso with osler weber rendu Syndrome


Role giant cells in osteitis fibrosa cystica?

a

 

[teethie]

agree with you on diabetes question.

here is the link for staph question:
http://books.google.ca/books?id=6zh...&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

I looked up , and it says that all the effects of diabetes on vascular tissue, renal and retinopathy etc. are due to glycosylation of cells which further leads to their hyalinization.
Source Goljan notes..

Teethie even if you read the above text carefully it mentions the same , i.e. glucose toxicity. hence C.and E both make sense as an answer.

@teethie, again thanks for the earlier explanation on Staph, can you tell me the source?

 

[rose82]

so is it hemolysin since coagulase is an immune factor?

 

[drdds3]

Genetic material of bacteria
a) single stranded
b) double stranded
c) circular DNA
d) no histones

Maximum amount of aminoacids from
a) alpha ketoglutarate (Acc to Kaplan review, most tranaminases use alpha ketoglutarate as an acceptor providing the mechanism for funneling the aminogroups from many aminoacids to the common pool of glutamate)
bb) oxaloacetate
c) acetyl CoA

 

[teethie]

hi,

Genetic material of bacteria
a) single stranded
b) double stranded
c) circular DNA-----------------------🙂
d) no histones

 

[teethie]

confused😕
i thought hemolysins are more to do with strepto than staph...

so is it hemolysin since coagulase is an immune factor?

 

[pb2007]

need help with this ques .

crypts of lieberkuhn are present where
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
is it mucosa??
plz confirm .

 

[teethie]

it is mucosa, reference Kaplan.

need help with this ques .

crypts of lieberkuhn are present where
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
is it mucosa??
plz confirm .

 

[pb2007]

it is mucosa, reference Kaplan.

thanks for confirming teethie.

 

[drdds3]

can u plz answer these Qs:

What is surface of non-articulating portion of TMJ covered with? a.Synovial fluid
b. fibrocartilage
c. calcified cartilage (Periosteum was not an answer choice)

Which of the following has human carriers
a. gonorrhea
b. Chlamydia
c. diphtheria

A dentist loses a tooth, where should he not look for it?
a.Vallecula
b. piriform recess
c. pharyngeal recess
and something else by the larynx

Where do you feel cold sensation of tooth pain?
a.Meissners
b. Ruffini
c. Pascini
d. Merkel
there is 1 more option I forgot

 

[wdent]

can u plz answer these Qs:

What is surface of non-articulating portion of TMJ covered with? a.Synovial fluid
b. fibrocartilage
c. calcified cartilage (Periosteum was not an answer choice).....Calcifies cartilage !! its is suppose to be periosteum!😳!Confusing Quest....what else can be ..

Which of the following has human carriers
a. gonorrhea...........answer
b. Chlamydia
c. diphtheria

A dentist loses a tooth, where should he not look for it?
a.Vallecula
b. piriform recess
c. pharyngeal recess. .........I think so !!
and something else by the larynx

Where do you feel cold sensation of tooth pain? ---Suppose to be Free nerve ending (NBDE ist aid )
a.Meissners
b. Ruffini
c. Pascini
d. Merkel
there is 1 more option I forgot

pls correct if iam wrong !

Hope this helps !

 

[teethie]

why not diphtheria??? check this one.

Respiratory Diseases
Diphtheria
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (B)
Human cases and carriers;

http://www.co.wadena.mn.us/county_directory/emergency_manage/infectious.html

pls correct if iam wrong !

Hope this helps !

Which of the following has human carriers
a. gonorrhea...........answer
b. Chlamydia
c. diphtheria------------------------------ my answer

 

[Gotaf]

Hi all,

I have a confusion from the ASDA released papers, I think series M.
Q 138. Between which of the following permanent teeth is lingual embrasure smaller than facial embrasure?
A. maxillary 1st premolar and max 2nd premolar
B. Max 2nd molar and max 3rd molar
C.Mandibular 1st molar and mandibular 2nd molar.
D. Mandi 1st premolar and mandibular 2nd premolar.

Answer is given as D.

I am confused as I had read that lingual embrasure is greater than facial embrasure except between max 1st and 2nd molar so I was leaning more towards B.
can someone please explain why they picked D?

 

[wdent]

why not diphtheria??? check this one.

Respiratory Diseases
Diphtheria
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (B)
Human cases and carriers;

http://www.co.wadena.mn.us/county_directory/emergency_manage/infectious.html



Which of the following has human carriers
a. gonorrhea...........answer
b. Chlamydia
c. diphtheria------------------------------ my answer

Teethie iam still convinced that Gonorrhea is the answer ,,they say human carrier and also Dpitheria have vacccine rite !! so iam givin more % to gonorheaas the final answer !!!!???🙄

DrDDs3 what does the key says ???

What about the other questions r they true ???? can someone confirm!

 

[teethie]

one silly question:
what is the difference between human reservoir and human carrier😕?

 

[wdent]

@teethie
Human reservoir- i think its the microorganism that resides with the body making it as its its number one to multiply or cause the disease !
human carier- is the microrg, that is carried by one person to another !

but here they r askin human carrier ! thats why i chose gonorhea ! also wana say that there is a vaccine for diptheria unlike gonorhea!!!

sorry my english is not great ! 🙂

Teethie what about the other questions r they correct !!!?or needs correction !!!
where is everybody!come one guys ...

 

[ddsaspi]

Genetic material of bacteria
a) single stranded
b) double stranded
c) circular DNA.. not this circular is the plasmid.
d) no histones. Answer

Maximum amount of aminoacids from
a) alpha ketoglutarate (Acc to Kaplan review, most tranaminases use alpha ketoglutarate as an acceptor providing the mechanism for funneling the aminogroups from many aminoacids to the common pool of glutamate)
bb) oxaloacetate
c) acetyl CoA

correct me if wrong

 

[ddsaspi]

confused😕
i thought hemolysins are more to do with strepto than staph...

just remember, Staph aureus shows hemolysis, of beta type around its colonies. my Qn was what is the cause of hemolysis in Staph. Coagulase causes coagulation of blood.hemolysins cause hemolysis.
Hemolysin in Strep pyogens is Streptolysin O, in GBBHStrep, it was Hemolysin Beta and camp factor, and listeria was listeriolysin O, so what i was asking was which is the hemolysin responsible for hemolysis in Staph.

 

[ddsaspi]

Difference between FVC and VC. can anyone please explain.

 

[teethie]

thank u wdent, i agree with free nerve endings though the option is missing there.

 

[teethie]

Forced vital capacity​

​

​

​

​

(FVC) is the volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a maximal inspiration.
​

Vital capacity​

​

​

​

​

(VC) is the maximum volume of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiration​

REFERENCE : USMLE PHYSIOLOGY

Difference between FVC and VC. can anyone please explain.

 

[ddsaspi]

Forced vital capacity​

​

​

​

​

(FVC) is the volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a maximal inspiration.
​

Vital capacity​

​

​

​

​

(VC) is the maximum volume of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiration​

REFERENCE : USMLE PHYSIOLOGY

Yea did see that, din't find what i am looking for. The book mentions that FVC is the timed VC, i.e breathing forcefully or quickly. My concern arose, 'coz in disease we measure the type of disease, by FEV,/FVC and some books say FEV,/VC.
Do both of them hold them same importance. I get that they both are similar.
as VC=TV+IRV+ERV, so are we not going to use the same equation to calculate FVC too??

http://www.brianmac.co.uk/spirometer.htm

This link also says that effect of FVC & VC is the same.

 

[elmos]

i was wondering . the recognition of acetylcholine by its target cell depends upon?

.

 

[pb2007]

can anyone suggest a better way of memorizing the actions of muscles of upper limb ,although lukin at netter's atlas but but jst cant keep it in my head.does someone knows sum link that i can refer to .

 

[ddsaspi]

i was wondering . the recognition of acetylcholine by its target cell depends upon?

.

In case of muscarinic type of receptors, usually the Acetylcholine receptors depends on the specific target G protein, depending on its action on tissue respective G protein is activated, and thence the second messenger.
In case of nicotinic receptors Ach binds directly to alpha subunit and Na & K ion channels.
Also they can be mimicked by similar substances, which explains the mechanism of action of drugs on these receptors.

When is your exam elmos

 

[elmos]

thanks first of october

 

[elmos]

does De novo cholesterol use oxygen or malonyl CoA in his synthesis?

 

[wdent]

Hey ,,have one question pls

Do anyone know what accompanies Ext.Jugular vein ?
thanks !

 

[pb2007]

Hey ,,have one question pls

Do anyone know what accompanies Ext.Jugular vein ?
thanks !

its superficial cervical lymph nodes.