Lets discuss questions of NBDE 1

[d dimps]

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1). .Which angle does a P Wave makes on ECG?
a). .45 degree
b). .180 degree
c). .0 degree
d). .-45 degree
e). .-180 degree.

2). .What is endogenous cholesterol? Most endogenous cholesterol is converted to?
a). .Glucose
b). .Cholic acid
c). .Steroid
d). .Oxaloacetete
e). .Ketone bodies

3). .Which of the following statement is correct regarding Glioblastoma multiforme?
a). .the tumor is most common before puberty
b). .it is classified as a type of meningioma
c). .it is most common type of Astrocytoma.
d). .Its prognosis is generally more favourablethan Grade 1 astrocytoma.
e). .It is derived from the epithelial lining of ventricles

4). .Which of the following pathological changes is irreversible?
a). .fatty changes in liver cells
b). .karyolysis in myocardial cells
c). .glycogen deposition in hepatocyte nuclei
d). .hydropic vacuolization of renal tubular epithelial cells.

5). .An example of Synergism is the effect of?
a). .insulin and glucagon on blood glucose
b). .estrogen and progesterone on uterine motility
c). .growth hormone and thyroxine on skeletal growth.
d). .Antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone on potassium excretion.

 

[anniemirza]

pb2007: u mean max molars.
yes now i remember i found it in mc donalds. yes it i s there.

bratdoc: i looked i wheelers abt premolar but did not find anything on lingual surface

annie: which page did u find? can u let me know.

dont hv wheelers in hand...found this pdf presentation from wheelers anat...

 

[teethie]

....

Another question which has different answers

Size of the Lingual and facial embrasure of mandibular anteriors
is it:
-Facial and lingual embrasure same size??
-Facial greater than the lingual??------------------agree


--------------------------------

Permanent Maxillary Central incisor root is:
-Round on cross section????----------------------agree
-Triangular on cross section..........u must have read pulp chamber not root

I have seen place where both are correct

 

[teethie]

can u post the link please?

dont hv wheelers in hand...found this pdf presentation from wheelers anat...

 

[pb2007]

Another question which has different answers

Size of the Lingual and facial embrasure of mandibular anteriors
is it:
-Facial and lingual embrasure same size??
-Facial greater than the lingual??


--------------------------------

Permanent Maxillary Central incisor root is:
-Round on cross section??
-Triangular on cross section??

I have seen place where both are correct

max 1st molaar is only tooth that is wider lingually than facially so facial embrasure is big here .
for rest all teeth lingual embrasure is wider than facial
mandibular centrals have same size .
so mandibular anteriors in general should have wider lingual then facial embrasure.
plz correct me .

 

[anniemirza]

can u post the link please?

i missed it!😛😛
Anyways theres all dis confusion becoz...there are soo many things to luk...lik 1st/2nd premolars...den mandi/maxi...den buccal/lingual....n lastly most confusion of all....mesial n distal too on the same side,not all da sources are specifyin dat....i think i wud go wid kaplan(also givn in dentessentls)

 

[bratdoc]

max 1st molaar is only tooth that is wider lingually than facially so facial embrasure is big here .
for rest all teeth lingual embrasure is wider than facial
mandibular centrals have same size .
so mandibular anteriors in general should have wider lingual then facial embrasure.
plz correct me .

Thank you Teethie and Pb2007 for replying!
Teethie and Pb2007 you both picked the different option each!!
Thats what i was afraid of.... Thats what i read in different sources
Some say Mand. Ant have same sized lingual and facial embrasures
Some say Mand. Ant have Facial greater than Lingual!!
What does Mr. Wheeler say?😉

Thank you Teethie for clarification of Roost CS and Canal CS!

 

[teethie]

No PB2007,
this is exception in mand anteriors.
only maxillary anteriors have wider lingual then facial embrasure.

max 1st molaar is only tooth that is wider lingually than facially so facial embrasure is big here .
for rest all teeth lingual embrasure is wider than facial
mandibular centrals have same size .
so mandibular anteriors in general should have wider lingual then facial embrasure.
plz correct me .

 

[bratdoc]

No PB2007,
this is exception in mand anteriors.
only maxillary anteriors have wider lingual then facial embrasure.

SO Mandibular anteriors and Maxillary Posteriors both have Facial wider than Lingual right?

 

[teethie]

yes and max molars too.

SO Mandibular anteriors and Maxillary Posteriors both have Facial wider than Lingual right?

 

[bratdoc]

And can someone PLEASE post the Facial/Lingual height of contours and Mesial/Distal COntacts from Wheeler's?? i really need it to clarify my doubts!!

 

[anniemirza]

What is a direct and consensual response in pupillary reflex???How does it differ?

 

[teethie]

bratdoc, see below to avoid confusion

Thank you Teethie and Pb2007 for replying!
Teethie and Pb2007 you both picked the different option each!!
Thats what i was afraid of.... Thats what i read in different sources
Some say Mand. Ant have same sized lingual and facial embrasures---only mand central incisors have same size because mesial contact areas are at same level.
Some say Mand. Ant have Facial greater than Lingual!!---only max molars and mand anterior with exception of mand centrals.
What does Mr. Wheeler say?😉

Thank you Teethie for clarification of Roost CS and Canal CS!

 

[teethie]

which tooth you are looking for?

And can someone PLEASE post the Facial/Lingual height of contours and Mesial/Distal COntacts from Wheeler's?? i really need it to clarify my doubts!!

 

[bratdoc]

bratdoc, see below to avoid confusion

Finally no more confusion!!!
Thank you so much!

 

[anniemirza]

MANDIBULAR 1ST PREMOLAR-LINGUAL
@bratdoc....will try to luk into wheelers bratdoc...bt dun hv it rt now.👎

 

[bratdoc]

which tooth you are looking for?

Basically im looking for

Max. 1st Pre molar
Buccal=
Lingual=

Mesial=
Distal=
------------------
Max. 2nd Pm
Buccal=
Lingual=

Mesial=
Distal=
=====================

Mand. 1st PM
Buccal=
Lingual=

Mesial=
Distal=
---------------------
Mand. 2nd PM
Buccal=
Lingual=

Mesial=
Distal=

Just fill these up might be easier for you!! Thanks!

 

[bratdoc]

MANDIBULAR 1ST PREMOLAR-LINGUAL
@bratdoc....will try to luk into wheelers bratdoc...bt dun hv it rt now.👎

No problem! Whenever you can!

 

[anniemirza]

No problem! Whenever you can!

hey check this out....thou not from wheelers...bt its the perfect table for height of contours

http://books.google.co.in/books?id=...urs of maxillary and mandibular teeth&f=false

 

[bratdoc]

hey check this out....thou not from wheelers...bt its the perfect table for height of contours

http://books.google.co.in/books?id=...urs of maxillary and mandibular teeth&f=false

Thanks!

 

[anniemirza]

what is a direct and consensual response in pupillary reflex???how does it differ?

anybody??

 

[bratdoc]

What is a direct and consensual response in pupillary reflex???How does it differ?

Direct reflex is seen in the ipsilateral eye which is stimulated and consensual reflex is seen in the contralateral eye..
For the pupillary reflex
When light is shined on one pupil
Afferent Limb=Optic nerve=which carries the info from the eye to the brain that the eye is being stimulated by light
Efferent limb=Occulomotor nerve=which carries impulses from the brain to the eye constrict the pupil due to the light being shined on it

Light in Left eye
-Afferent info about this carried by the Left Optic nerve

reaction is Pupillary constriction via
Efferent limb via Both Occulomotor nerves to:
-Left Eye =Direct reflex(as this is the eye being shown the light)
-Right Eye =Consensual reflex(as this eye is not being stimulated still the pupils constrict)

hope this helps!

 

[teethie]

bratdoc, i have no reference other than kaplan to fill in the blanks you had posted. dent essentials is also a copy of kaplan. I have searched in wheelers and did not find anything relevant.
if this is what you were looking for that someone should post the reference other than kaplan, then I am sorry, I could not find any. i am going with kaplan reference only.

let us see what others have to say...

Basically im looking for

Thanks!

 

[bratdoc]

bratdoc, i have no reference other than kaplan to fill in the blanks you had posted. dent essentials is also a copy of kaplan. I have searched in wheelers and did not find anything relevant.
if this is what you were looking for that someone should post the reference other than kaplan, then I am sorry, I could not find any. i am going with kaplan reference only.

let us see what others have to say...

Cool!! We will all go with Kaplan then!!! Thanks!!👍👍

 

[teethie]

good job👍

Direct reflex is seen in the ipsilateral eye which is stimulated and consensual reflex is seen in the contralateral eye..
For the pupillary reflex
When light is shined on one pupil
Afferent Limb=Optic nerve=which carries the info from the eye to the brain that the eye is being stimulated by light
Efferent limb=Occulomotor nerve=which carries impulses from the brain to the eye constrict the pupil due to the light being shined on it

Light in Left eye
-Afferent info about this carried by the Optic nerve

reaction is Pupillary constriction via
Efferent limb via Occulomotor nerve to:
-Left Eye =Direct reflex(as this is the eye being shown the light)
-Right Eye =Consensual reflex(as this eye is not being stimulated still the pupils constrict)

hope this helps!

 

[bratdoc]

A quick question
Where do the following teeth occlude:
Maxillary Canine
Mandibular canine

I mean do they or their cusp tips occlude or are the free of occlusion etc... forgot the thing!

Never mind! GOT the answer!

 

[anniemirza]

Direct reflex is seen in the ipsilateral eye which is stimulated and consensual reflex is seen in the contralateral eye..
For the pupillary reflex
When light is shined on one pupil
Afferent Limb=Optic nerve=which carries the info from the eye to the brain that the eye is being stimulated by light
Efferent limb=Occulomotor nerve=which carries impulses from the brain to the eye constrict the pupil due to the light being shined on it

Light in Left eye
-Afferent info about this carried by the Left Optic nerve

reaction is Pupillary constriction via
Efferent limb via Both Occulomotor nerves to:
-Left Eye =Direct reflex(as this is the eye being shown the light)
-Right Eye =Consensual reflex(as this eye is not being stimulated still the pupils constrict)

hope this helps!

Awesome ...thanx alot bratdoc!
Hey i just read this....
By shining a light source into the good
eye, both pupils will constrict; quickly shining
light source into the damaged eye will cause
immediate pupillary dilation of both eyes, due
to lost afferent function of the optic nerve.
My doubt...wen there is no afferent function...how does this reflex occur???i know CN-III carries efferent but how is it carried to the brain(affrnt)?

 

[bratdoc]

Awesome ...thanx alot bratdoc!
Hey i just read this....
By shining a light source into the good
eye, both pupils will constrict; quickly shining
light source into the damaged eye will cause
immediate pupillary dilation of both eyes, due
to lost afferent function of the optic nerve.
My doubt...wen there is no afferent function...how does this reflex occur???i know CN-III carries efferent but how is it carried to the brain(affrnt)?

There is no Afferent function on the damaged side due to the damaged Optic nerve... hence without afferent there is no efferent stimulation!
For eg. if left optic nerve is damaged and if light is shined on to the left eye there will be no constriction...

if left optic nerve is damaged and if light is shined on to the Right eye there will be constriction of both pupils...

 

[teethie]

make sure you also read canine class 1 ,2,3 relationships buddy.

A quick question
Where do the following teeth occlude:
Maxillary Canine
Mandibular canine

I mean do they or their cusp tips occlude or are the free of occlusion etc... forgot the thing!

Never mind! GOT the answer!

 

[anniemirza]

There is no Afferent function on the damaged side due to the damaged Optic nerve... hence without afferent there is no efferent stimulation!
For eg. if left optic nerve is damaged and if light is shined on to the left eye there will be no constriction...

if left optic nerve is damaged and if light is shined on to the Right eye there will be constriction of both pupils...

Then how does the dilatation occur?well i thght it was the efferent actn

 

[bratdoc]

make sure you also read canine class 1 ,2,3 relationships buddy.

Thanks a loooot teethie!!! i forgot reading that!!! U are of such great help!!!🙂

 

[anniemirza]

Also what tooth numbering system is followed in US?universal ...FDI or wad???(i havnt started DA yet so dunno!)



GOT IT....Universal rt

 

[bratdoc]

Then how does the dilatation occur?well i thght it was the efferent actn

What i learnt is the the occulomotor nerve causes Constriction of the pupil... the dialatation maybe due to no action/stimulation of the occulomotor nerve

 

[anniemirza]

What i learnt is the the occulomotor nerve causes Constriction of the pupil... the dialatation maybe due to no action/stimulation of the occulomotor nerve

Hmmmm widout any stimulation it will dilate(no affernt no effernt!)?😕😕

 

[bratdoc]

Hmmmm widout any stimulation it will dilate(no affernt no effernt!)?😕😕

It constricts with stimulation.... so i guess without stimulation it will dilate!
And since constriction is carried out by efferent limb... so if the efferent limb i.e occulomotor nerve is damaged then there will be no constriction even if there is afferent(optic nerve) stimulation!

 

[anniemirza]

It constricts with stimulation.... so i guess without stimulation it will dilate!
And since constriction is carried out by efferent limb... so if the efferent limb i.e occulomotor nerve is damaged then there will be no constriction even if there is afferent(optic nerve) stimulation!

Its confusing....but this is the reason:
WHAT HAPPENS IS WHEN YOU PUT THE LIGHT IN THE LEFT EYE IT GIVES A NORMAL CONSTICTION.NOW WHEN U SHINE IT ON THE RIGHT EYE IT GIVES DIALATION BECAUSE THE WHOLE OF THE LIGHT DOESNT GO TO THE OPTIC NERVE. AND SO IT GIVES A PARTIAL CONSTRICTION THAT IS LESS CONSTRICTION THAN ON THE GOOD EYE. SO THIS LOOKS AS IF IT HAS DIALATED. THIS CAN BE ELICITED ONLY BY A SWINGING TORCH FROM ONE TO OTHER EYE.tHIS RESPONSE IS CALLED PARADOXICAL PUPILLARY REFLEX
p.s:sorry for the caps!

 

[bratdoc]

Your original question!

What is a direct and consensual response in pupillary reflex???How does it differ?

Its confusing....but this is the reason:
WHAT HAPPENS IS WHEN YOU PUT THE LIGHT IN THE LEFT EYE IT GIVES A NORMAL CONSTICTION.NOW WHEN U SHINE IT ON THE RIGHT EYE IT GIVES DIALATION BECAUSE THE WHOLE OF THE LIGHT DOESNT GO TO THE OPTIC NERVE. AND SO IT GIVES A PARTIAL CONSTRICTION THAT IS LESS CONSTRICTION THAN ON THE GOOD EYE. SO THIS LOOKS AS IF IT HAS DIALATED. THIS CAN BE ELICITED ONLY BY A SWINGING TORCH FROM ONE TO OTHER EYE.tHIS RESPONSE IS CALLED PARADOXICAL PUPILLARY REFLEX
p.s:sorry for the caps!

But PARADOXICAL PUPILLARY REFLEX wasn't what you asked, now was it?

 

[anniemirza]

Your original question!




But PARADOXICAL PUPILLARY REFLEX wasn't what you asked, now was it?

🙂fyi the whole thing that u told me above i.e., dilation of pupils widout stimulation is nothin but paradoxical pupillary reflex....which is usually seen in Marcus Gunn syndrome!

 

[anniemirza]

Awesome ...thanx alot bratdoc!
Hey i just read this....
By shining a light source into the good
eye, both pupils will constrict; quickly shining
light source into the damaged eye will cause
immediate pupillary dilation of both eyes, due
to lost afferent function of the optic nerve.
My doubt...wen there is no afferent function...how does this reflex occur???i know CN-III carries efferent but how is it carried to the brain(affrnt)?

That was a differnt questn....this was the second questnthat i asked u....

 

[bratdoc]

🙂fyi the whole thing that u told me above i.e., dilation of pupils widout stimulation is nothin but paradoxical pupillary reflex....which is usually seen in Marcus Gunn syndrome!

Good if u know that!!! Why ask questions about it then??
Fyi I just answered your initial question!!
for the 2nd question if you know then why ask?!!! or if you have the capability to find out the answer instantly then again why ask??!

 

[anniemirza]

Dnt get confused with the normal pupillary reflex questn i asked u....
THE 2ND questn is actually abt a syndrome and its features dat i just read in first aid and cudnt understnd y!

 

[bratdoc]

Dnt get confused with the normal pupillary reflex questn i asked u....
THE 2ND questn is actually abt a syndrome and its features dat i just read in first aid and cudnt understnd y!

OK thanks!
btw first aid NBDE, USMLE, or Q and a???

 

[anniemirza]

OK thanks!
btw first aid NBDE, USMLE, or Q and a???

Its all first aid NDBE stuff only....

 

[bratdoc]

Its all first aid NDBE stuff only....

oh! k.. dont have that book 🙁

 

[teethie]

oh bratdoc, do not be so depressed for not having that book, it is only a summary book type.

anniemirza: you tested bratdoc for his eye queue (I.Q.) and patience the whole day😉
and in the end of the day I came to know that you had asked two different questions. u already gave an exam situation by putting tricky questions.😛

oh! k.. dont have that book 🙁

 

[anniemirza]

oh bratdoc, do not be so depressed for not having that book, it is only a summary book type.

anniemirza: you tested bratdoc for his eye queue (I.Q.) and patience the whole day😉
and in the end of the day I came to know that you had asked two different questions. u already gave an exam situation by putting tricky questions.😛

Hahaaa.....yeaaa i guess.those 2 qtns almost tuk 45 mins to solve!
@bratdoc....sorry for trobling u sooo much...
welcome to NBDE guys...where evrythin luks da same(all the optns esp.) bt nothin is same!LOL

 

[teethie]

Can anyone explain the spinal tract pathways in simple way?
i am always forgetting the names and functions.
Is there any mnemonic for that??
anyone please??

 

[anniemirza]

Can anyone explain the spinal tract pathways in simple way?
i am always forgetting the names and functions.
Is there any mnemonic for that??
anyone please??

Thanx for asking...even i got problems rememberin.
no mnuemonics found....so y dont we make one?

 

[bratdoc]

from previous threads

Which is an example of innate immunity
1. Allergic reaction to insect venom
2. classical complement pathway
3. destruction of virus-infected cells by T-killer cells
4. IgG production in response to insect venom
5. Alternate complement pathway

im stuck between 3 and 5

 

[bratdoc]

Can anyone explain the spinal tract pathways in simple way?
i am always forgetting the names and functions.
Is there any mnemonic for that??
anyone please??

same problem..... no idea!

 

[anniemirza]

Examples of innate immunity include anatomical barriers, mechanical removal, bacterial antagonism, pattern-recognition receptors, antigen-nonspecific defense chemicals, the complement pathways, phagocytosis, inflammation, and fever
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/innate/alternative.html

T cell with CD8 receptor functions in cell-mediated immunity, recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and binds to the infected cell and kill it.