Lets discuss questions of NBDE 1

[d dimps]

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1). .Which angle does a P Wave makes on ECG?
a). .45 degree
b). .180 degree
c). .0 degree
d). .-45 degree
e). .-180 degree.

2). .What is endogenous cholesterol? Most endogenous cholesterol is converted to?
a). .Glucose
b). .Cholic acid
c). .Steroid
d). .Oxaloacetete
e). .Ketone bodies

3). .Which of the following statement is correct regarding Glioblastoma multiforme?
a). .the tumor is most common before puberty
b). .it is classified as a type of meningioma
c). .it is most common type of Astrocytoma.
d). .Its prognosis is generally more favourablethan Grade 1 astrocytoma.
e). .It is derived from the epithelial lining of ventricles

4). .Which of the following pathological changes is irreversible?
a). .fatty changes in liver cells
b). .karyolysis in myocardial cells
c). .glycogen deposition in hepatocyte nuclei
d). .hydropic vacuolization of renal tubular epithelial cells.

5). .An example of Synergism is the effect of?
a). .insulin and glucagon on blood glucose
b). .estrogen and progesterone on uterine motility
c). .growth hormone and thyroxine on skeletal growth.
d). .Antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone on potassium excretion.

 

[pb2007]

Thanks pb2007.

Also want to confirm that is the following mnemonic correct for proximal contacts?

Maxillary: IJ JM JM MM MM MM MM MM
Mandibular: II II IM MM MM MM MM MM

absolutly correct according to kaplan

 

[pb2007]

came across ques 45 frm packet F [dec 1984] for micro
amyloid tissue has affection to get diposited where in general

the ques is ragearding the amyloid tissue in tongue found where.

 

[perfectionist1]

absolutly correct according to kaplan

sorry i dont get this mneumonic....can u plz eloborate???
n pb iam still reading that article u sent me...its a gud1.

 

[pb2007]

sorry i dont get this mneumonic....can u plz eloborate???
n pb iam still reading that article u sent me...its a gud1.

gud annie if u r workin on that article ,then i will wait for ur answer ,
this mneumonic is given in deck.
see deck no 25 frm 09 version ,if u dont hav let me kno i'l write the detail.

 

[wdent]

@cendrella

The distribution of carbonate within dental enamel follows the same surface to DEJ patterns as which of the following?
A. Lead
B. Calcium ... -
C. Fluoride
D. Strontium
E. None of the above............................ANSWER !!!

 

[perfectionist1]

gud annie if u r workin on that article ,then i will wait for ur answer ,
this mneumonic is given in deck.
see deck no 25 frm 09 version ,if u dont hav let me kno i'l write the detail.

oh okie i have it....vll check that.Thanku

 

[pb2007]

@cendrella

The distribution of carbonate within dental enamel follows the same surface to DEJ patterns as which of the following?
A. Lead
B. Calcium ... -
C. Fluoride
D. Strontium
E. None of the above............................ANSWER !!!

can u plz explain why ?

 

[perfectionist1]

@cendrella

The distribution of carbonate within dental enamel follows the same surface to DEJ patterns as which of the following?
A. Lead
B. Calcium ... -rt
C. Fluoride
D. Strontium
E. None of the above............................ANSWER !!!

refer tencates....very clearly given!

 

[perfectionist1]

if trigeminal being cut below medulla:
guys...i cudnt understand it completely ....but i got one thing...Its a LMN.The trigeminal nerve arises from pons and passes thru medulla....the nerve supplies the same side of the face.....i.e., if the right side is cut...then complete sensation over right half of the face is lost and same if done on the left.I think its the same with facial since the fibers do not cross....n its only the peripheral nerve that is cut.hope iam right with this concept.

Anyways....need confirmation on.Iam kinda weak in this neuroanat. section🙁😳If smbdy has got a bettr explanation...plz u r welcome....

 

[wdent]

The distribution of carbonate within dental enamel follows the same surface to DEJ patterns as which of the following?
A. Lead
B. Calcium ... -rt
C. Fluoride
D. Strontium
E. None of the above............................ANSWER !!!

Because here what i found

As enamel matured and:​

mineral concentration increased carbonate concentration decreased. SO why it should follow Calcium !!!!

http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/70/5/913.full.pdf

 

[Svetlana]

Morning!
Can smb please post a nice summary of adrenorec.(alpha,beta) on sm.muscle(who dilates pupil,arterioles of skin,splanchnic....) GI tarct effects(who relaxes sphincters...)
Just basic effects
PLEASE

 

[pb2007]

Morning!
Can smb please post a nice summary of adrenorec.(alpha,beta) on sm.muscle(who dilates pupil,arterioles of skin,splanchnic....) GI tarct effects(who relaxes sphincters...)
Just basic effects
PLEASE

hope u'l find it helpful
alpha 1 {excitatory,produce contraction}
MOA...cause activation of phospholipase c leading to formation of ip3 and increase in intracellular Ca2+}
..vascular smooth muscle
..GIT
..bladder sphinter
..radial muscle of eye
alpha 2{inhibitory ,produce relaxation}
MOA.....inhibit adenylate cyclase and by decreasing c AMP}
..platelets
..fat cells
..presynaptic nerve terminal
..walls of gut
beta 1{excitatory,inc heart rate n cantractility}
MOA...activate adenylate cyclase so increase cAMP}
..cardiac cells
beta 2{inhibitory,produce dilation of bronchiolar muscles },{beta 2 is only epinephrine effective}
MOA...I DONT UNDERSTAND WHY USMLE NOTES MENTION HERE THERE IS INCREASE c amp level}
..smooth muscles
..secretory effectors
beta 3{excitatoryand stimulate lipolysisn GI motility}
MOA...INCREASE c AMP
..adipose tissue
..GItract

this was the shortest ,let me kno if u need to kno the mode of action too for these,let us kno if u need more short notes coz i'm after u so hav to make these last min review shortcuts.

plz correct people or add if i missed some important point.

 

[Svetlana]

Thanks a lot,pb2007!!!
Im ok with mechanism of action.
But im confused a little bit,alpha 1 -sm.m contraction,but isn't it cause midriasis???

 

[pb2007]

Thanks a lot,pb2007!!!
Im ok with mechanism of action.
But im confused a little bit,alpha 1 -sm.m contraction,but isn't it cause midriasis???

There are two types of muscle that control the size of the iris: circular muscle and radial muscle. The former is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system, the latter by the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic stimulation of α1 adrenergic receptors causes the contraction of the radial muscle, and subsequent dilation of the pupil. Conversely, parasympathetic stimulation cause contraction of the circular muscle and constriction of the pupil.
The mechanism of mydriasis depends on the agent being used. It usually involves either a disruption of the parasympathetic nerve supply to the eye (which causes contraction of the pupil), or overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).

 

[Svetlana]

Most susceptible for malignant lymphoma...
ans-stomach

But shouldn't it be ileum,coz it has Payer patches,and stomach is not.

 

[Svetlana]

There are two types of muscle that control the size of the iris: circular muscle and radial muscle. The former is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system, the latter by the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic stimulation of α1 adrenergic receptors causes the contraction of the radial muscle, and subsequent dilation of the pupil. Conversely, parasympathetic stimulation cause contraction of the circular muscle and constriction of the pupil.
The mechanism of mydriasis depends on the agent being used. It usually involves either a disruption of the parasympathetic nerve supply to the eye (which causes contraction of the pupil), or overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).

Great!
Thanks!
Now it's clear!!!!

 

[pb2007]

polymerization of collagen fibres takes place where{99exm anatomy ques8}
extracellular space
smooth rer
rough rer

in ques 9th {99 ana}
deep layer of dermis
both choices reticular fibres n irregular tissue r correct
which is most appropriate.....is it irregular
ques no 15
dorasl surface of tongue has what
is it lymphatic vessels

what lies deep to hyoglossus
is it lingual artery or nerve

each is under direct control of ant lobe of pitutary except one
ovary
thyroid
medulla of adrenal
intertitial cells of leydig
epiphyseal plate of growing bones

 

[Svetlana]

Asc.colon is supplied by...vagus?

 

[pb2007]

Asc.colon is supplied by...vagus?

wikipedia says its vagus and celiac plexus

 

[Cindrella]

polymerization of collagen fibres takes place where{99exm anatomy ques8}
extracellular space
smooth rer
rough rer

in ques 9th {99 ana}
deep layer of dermis
both choices reticular fibres n irregular tissue r correct
which is most appropriate.....is it irregular
ques no 15
dorasl surface of tongue has what
is it lymphatic vessels

what lies deep to hyoglossus
is it lingual artery or nerve

..

 

[pb2007]

..

thanks cindrella ,i hav added another one too
i kno asnswer is medulla of adrenal but forgot why

am i rite
intercalated ducts hav cubiodal epithelium
striated ducts have simple columnar

 

[Svetlana]

each is under direct control of ant lobe of pitutary except one
ovary LH,FSH
thyroid TSH
medulla of adrenal ans
intertitial cells of leydig LH
epiphyseal plate of growing bones GH

 

[pb2007]

each is under direct control of ant lobe of pitutary except one
ovary LH,FSH
thyroid TSH
medulla of adrenal ans
intertitial cells of leydig LH
epiphyseal plate of growing bones GH

thanks svetlana,i forgot its secretion is under whose control,all i remember is it being called postgang symp ending too

 

[Svetlana]

How is Histoplasma play role in gingivitis?

 

[Cindrella]

thanks cindrella ,i hav added another one too
i kno asnswer is medulla of adrenal but forgot why

am i rite
intercalated ducts hav cubiodal epithelium
striated ducts have simple columnar

This is a bit from your notes which u posted long time back -->


DUCT SYSTEM
1 intercalated duct....smallest ducts connecting terminal secreting units
to next larger striated ducts
....single layer of LOW CUBOIDAL CELLS

2.striated ducts .....tall COLUMNAR CELLS

3 .interlobular ducts {excretory part}....epithelium becomes pseudostratified ,with increasing number of smaller basal cells between tall columnar cells .

 

[Svetlana]

Does brown fat has rec.for insulin?

 

[pb2007]

This is a bit from your notes which u posted long time back -->


DUCT SYSTEM
1 intercalated duct....smallest ducts connecting terminal secreting units
to next larger striated ducts
....single layer of LOW CUBOIDAL CELLS

2.striated ducts .....tall COLUMNAR CELLS

3 .interlobular ducts {excretory part}....epithelium becomes pseudostratified ,with increasing number of smaller basal cells between tall columnar cells .

thnks cindrella i didnt write them down at that time n didnt hav time to find now
thnks alot for confirming

 

[Cindrella]

hope u'l find it helpful
alpha 1 {excitatory,produce contraction}
..vascular smooth muscle
..GIT
..bladder sphinter
..radial muscle of eye
alpha 2{inhibitory ,produce relaxation}
..platelets
..fat cells
..presynaptic nerve terminal
..walls of gut
beta 1{excitatory,inc heart rate n cantractility}
..cardiac cells
beta 2{inhibitory,produce dilation of bronchiolar muscles },{beta 2 is only epinephrine effective}
..smooth muscles
..secretory effectors
beta 3{excitatoryand stimulate lipolysisn GI motility}
..adipose tissue
..GItract

this was the shortest ,let me kno if u need to kno the mode of action too for these,let us kno if u need more short notes coz i'm after u so hav to make these last min review shortcuts.

plz correct people or add if i missed some important point.

Can u pls post the mode of action , after your exam when u have free time 👍 these are really helpful

 

[pb2007]

Does brown fat has rec.for insulin?

Its primary function is to generate body heat in animals or newborns that do not shiver. In contrast to white adipocytes (fat cells), which contain a single lipid droplet, brown adipocytes contain numerous smaller droplets and a much higher number of mitochondria, which contain iron and make it brown.[2] Brown fat also contains more capillaries than white fat, since it has a greater need for oxygen than most tissues.
present in nnewborns

article mentioned nothing abt insulin

Exposure to cold leads to sympathetic stimulation of brown adipocyte via norepinephrine binding to beta- adrenergic receptors. As in white fat, sympathetic stimulation promotes hydrolysis of triglyceride, with release of fatty acids and glycerol. However, within brown adipocytes, most fatty acids are immediately oxidized in mitochondria and, because of the uncoupling protein, a large amount of heat is produced. This process is part of what is called non-shivering thermogenesis.
http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/misc_topics/brownfat.html

 

[pb2007]

Can u pls post the mode of action , after your exam when u have free time 👍 these are really helpful

i edited that post check ,its very short though,i'm confused with beta 2 but still wrote what notes mentioned

 

[pb2007]

does anyone have a good summary of receptors on epithelium
merkel ,pacinian ,ruffini ........
adipose tissue is found in submucosa of palate in the
rugae
incisive papillae
midline at level of molars
lateral area at level of premolars
lateral area at level of molars
anterior zone contains fat n post zone has mucous gland so is it 4th choice .
this is ques no61 frm 99 exm
thin leaf like structures extending frm enamel surface to dej and consist mainly of organic material
perikymata
enamel tufts
enamel lamellae......answer??
enamel spindles
incremental lines of retzius

will attched gingiva hav submocosa ??
pain fibres of glossopharengeal nerve synapse where?[ques 92 frm 99 exm }

 

[Svetlana]

Post please differ.between smooth,cardiac and skeletal m. in terms of SR and T tubules.

 

[pb2007]

Post please differ.between smooth,cardiac and skeletal m. in terms of SR and T tubules.

skeletal n cardiac hav sr n t tubules
smooth muscle also dont have troponin in them

smooth muscles lack t tubules and only sparse SR ,most calcium appears to enter frm extracellular fliud
smooth muscles have caverons instead of t tubules
[this info isfrm kaplan

 

[pb2007]

cell bodies of sympathetic fibres in the nerve of pterygoid canal come frm which of following
facial nerve
superior cervical gang
greater petrosal nerve
glossopharengeal nerve
otic gang.......answr??{plz confirm}

 

[Svetlana]

cell bodies of sympathetic fibres in the nerve of pterygoid canal come frm which of following
facial nerve
superior cervical gang ans
greater petrosal nerve
glossopharengeal nerve
otic gang.......answr??{plz confirm}

--

 

[Svetlana]

Location of the cell bodies of pain fibers in the glossophar.nerve?
ans-sup.ganglion of CN IX

Never heard of this ganglion...

 

[Cindrella]

..

does anyone have a good summary of receptors on epithelium
merkel ,pacinian ,ruffini ........

adipose tissue is found in submucosa of palate in the
1-rugae
2-incisive papillae
3-midline at level of molars
4-lateral area at level of premolars answer
5-lateral area at level of molars
anterior zone contains fat n post zone has mucous gland 👍so is it 4th choice .
this is ques no61 frm 99 exm

thin leaf like structures extending frm enamel surface to dej and consist mainly of organic ( hypocalcified ) material
perikymata
enamel tufts
enamel lamellae......answer?? 👍
enamel spindles from DEJ --> enamel
incremental lines of retzius

will attched gingiva hav submocosa ??
Lining mucosa is non keratinized with THIN lamina propria and THICK submucosa

Since, attached gingiva comes under masticatory mucosa - it is keratinized with MANY rete pegs ( not sure of this ) - THICK Lamina propria and THIN SUBMUCOSA

pain fibres of glossopharengeal nerve synapse where?[ques 92 frm 99 exm }

 

[Svetlana]

adipose tissue is found in submucosa of palate in the
1-rugae
2-incisive papillae
3-midline at level of molars
4-lateral area at level of premolars
5-lateral area at level of molars but the ans is this one!!!!

Even though ant-adipose,post-glands.
I just remember this Q

 

[Svetlana]

skeletal n cardiac hav sr n t tubules
smooth muscle also dont have troponin in them

smooth muscles lack t tubules and only sparse sr ,most calcium appears to enter frm extracellular fliud
smooth muscles have caverons instead of t tubules
[this info isfrm kaplan

thanks!!!

 

[pb2007]

if trigeminal being cut below medulla:
guys...i cudnt understand it completely ....but i got one thing...Its a LMN.The trigeminal nerve arises from pons and passes thru medulla....the nerve supplies the same side of the face.....i.e., if the right side is cut...then complete sensation over right half of the face is lost and same if done on the left.I think its the same with facial since the fibers do not cross....n its only the peripheral nerve that is cut.hope iam right with this concept.👍👍👍

Anyways....need confirmation on.Iam kinda weak in this neuroanat. section🙁😳If smbdy has got a bettr explanation...plz u r welcome....

i was goin through the article n found some important exception.i'm pasting the paragraph
[FONT=Arial,Helvetica][SIZE=-1]The two exceptions to this pattern are the portion of CN XII that provides innervation for tongue protrusion and the part of CN VII that innervates the muscles of the lower face. These only receive [/SIZE].[FONT=Arial,Helvetica][SIZE=-1]contralateral[/SIZE].[FONT=Arial,Helvetica][SIZE=-1] innervation from the pyramidal tract. This means that they get information only from fibers on the opposite side of the brain. Therefore, a unilateral upper motor neuron lesion could cause a unilateral facial droop or problems with tongue protrusion on the opposite side of the body. For example, a lesion on the left pyramidal tract fibers may cause the right side of the lower face to droop and lead to difficulty in protruding the right side of the tongue. The other cranial nerves involved in speech and swallowing would continue to function almost normally as both members of each pair of nuclei still receives messages from the motor strip. [/SIZE].

 

[pb2007]

adipose tissue is found in submucosa of palate in the
1-rugae
2-incisive papillae
3-midline at level of molars
4-lateral area at level of premolars
5-lateral area at level of molars but the ans is this one!!!!

Even though ant-adipose,post-glands.
I just remember this Q

thanks for the answers cindrella n svetlana
svetlana the answered mentioned is what u marked but i dont trust that key frm 99 so wanted to confirm i dont remember seeing this ques in asda exm so though premolar is better choice .did u come across rthis ques in sum asda exm.

 

[Svetlana]

thanks for the answers cindrella n svetlana
svetlana the answered mentioned is what u marked but i dont trust that key frm 99 so wanted to confirm i dont remember seeing this ques in asda exm so though premolar is better choice .did u come across rthis ques in sum asda exm.

yEH THERE IS A REASON NOT TO trust 99's key...
i dont remember if i saw it somewhere else...
It should ant.part,but among the given options no one fits...

 

[teethie]

polymerization of collagen fibres takes place where{99exm anatomy ques8}
extracellular space --------answer

smooth rer
rough rer

in ques 9th {99 ana}
deep layer of dermis
both choices reticular fibres n
irregular tissue r correct
which is most appropriate.....is it irregular----------yes
ques no 15
dorasl surface of tongue has what----fungiform papillae
is it lymphatic vessels

what lies deep to hyoglossus
is it lingual artery ---------answer
or nerve

each is under direct control of ant lobe of pitutary except one
ovary
thyroid
medulla of adrenal--------yes
intertitial cells of leydig
epiphyseal plate of growing bones

...

 

[Cindrella]

yEH THERE IS A REASON NOT TO trust 99's key...
i dont remember if i saw it somewhere else...
It should ant.part,but among the given options no one fits...

Hey pb2007 and svetlana ... could u guys pls make a note of the wrong keys of 1999 exam and pass it on to us after your exam... its so confusing and scattered on this thread.. difficult to locate all the wrong answer keys 😕

 

[teethie]

cell bodies of sympathetic fibres in the nerve of pterygoid canal come frm which of following
facial nerve
superior cervical gang--------answer
greater petrosal nerve
glossopharengeal nerve
otic gang.......answr??{plz confirm}

...

 

[Cindrella]

BIOCHEM :

Glucagon promotes glycogenolysis ( glycogen to glucose ) only in the LIVER

In Skeletal muscles there is release of A.A in overnight fasting and this is stimulated by both glucagon and epinephrine ... is this correct ... i found it in my notes but not sure 🙁

 

[teethie]

hi,

does anyone have a good summary of receptors on epithelium
merkel ,pacinian ,ruffini ........all i know is it is in decks only.

adipose tissue is found in submucosa of palate in the
rugae
incisive papillae
midline at level of molars
lateral area at level of premolars------------------answer
lateral area at level of molars
anterior zone contains fat n post zone has mucous gland so is it 4th choice .
this is ques no61 frm 99 exm

thin leaf like structures extending frm enamel surface to dej and consist mainly of organic material
perikymata
enamel tufts
enamel lamellae......answer------------------answer
enamel spindles
incremental lines of retzius

will attched gingiva hav submocosa ?? -----------------it is firmly attached to periosteum. so i guess no.

pain fibres of glossopharengeal nerve synapse where?------------------answer spinal nuleus of trigeminal

Overview of general sensory component.
This component of CN IX carries general sensory information (pain, temperature, and touch) from the skin of the external ear, internal surface of the tympanic membrane, the walls of the upper pharynx, and the posterior one-third of the tongue. Peripheral course. Sensory fibers from the skin of the external ear initially travel with the auricular branch of CN X, while those from the middle ear travel in the tympanic nerve as discussed above (CN IX visceral motor section). General sensory information from the upper pharynx and posterior one-third of the tongue travel via the pharyngeal branches of CN IX. These peripheral processes have cell their cell body in either the superior or inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion. Central course - general sensory component. The central processes of the general sensory neurons exit the glossopharyngeal ganglia and pass through the jugular foramen to enter the brainstem at the level of the medulla. Upon entering the medulla these fibers descend in the spinal trigeminal tract and synapse in the caudal spinal nucleus of the trigeminal. Central course - general sensory component. Ascending secondary neurons originating from the spinal nucleus of CN V project to the contralateral ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus via the anterolateral system (ventral trigeminothalamic tract). nucleus

[ques 92 frm 99 exm }

 

[Svetlana]

URGENT!!!!
1998
#166
In DNA A - 22%,what is G?
ans 28%

But i thought we are using formula A+T=G+C

And the ans.seems to be vice verse

 

[Svetlana]

Location of the cell bodies of pain fibers in the glossophar.nerve?
ans-sup.ganglion of CN IX

Never heard of this ganglion...

So teethy,you think it's mistake in ASDA?
and it's spinal trigeminal nucleus(as i thought actually...)?????😕

 

[perfectionist1]

i was goin through the article n found some important exception.i'm pasting the paragraph
[FONT=Arial,Helvetica][SIZE=-1]The two exceptions to this pattern are the portion of CN XII that provides innervation for tongue protrusion and the part of CN VII that innervates the muscles of the lower face. These only receive [/SIZE].[FONT=Arial,Helvetica][SIZE=-1]contralateral[/SIZE].[FONT=Arial,Helvetica][SIZE=-1] innervation from the pyramidal tract. This means that they get information only from fibers on the opposite side of the brain. Therefore, a unilateral upper motor neuron lesion could cause a unilateral facial droop or problems with tongue protrusion on the opposite side of the body. For example, a lesion on the left pyramidal tract fibers may cause the right side of the lower face to droop and lead to difficulty in protruding the right side of the tongue. The other cranial nerves involved in speech and swallowing would continue to function almost normally as both members of each pair of nuclei still receives messages from the motor strip. [/SIZE].

Thank u pb...i did read that para twice....it says the contralateral is only for the XII and VII nerves....rest all have unilateral supply.still i cudnt understand the whole thing....and also what happens wen the Cranial nerves are cut at different levels...not just at medulla.hope smbdy makes it all clear.....waitin.