Lets discuss questions of NBDE 1

[d dimps]

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1). .Which angle does a P Wave makes on ECG?
a). .45 degree
b). .180 degree
c). .0 degree
d). .-45 degree
e). .-180 degree.

2). .What is endogenous cholesterol? Most endogenous cholesterol is converted to?
a). .Glucose
b). .Cholic acid
c). .Steroid
d). .Oxaloacetete
e). .Ketone bodies

3). .Which of the following statement is correct regarding Glioblastoma multiforme?
a). .the tumor is most common before puberty
b). .it is classified as a type of meningioma
c). .it is most common type of Astrocytoma.
d). .Its prognosis is generally more favourablethan Grade 1 astrocytoma.
e). .It is derived from the epithelial lining of ventricles

4). .Which of the following pathological changes is irreversible?
a). .fatty changes in liver cells
b). .karyolysis in myocardial cells
c). .glycogen deposition in hepatocyte nuclei
d). .hydropic vacuolization of renal tubular epithelial cells.

5). .An example of Synergism is the effect of?
a). .insulin and glucagon on blood glucose
b). .estrogen and progesterone on uterine motility
c). .growth hormone and thyroxine on skeletal growth.
d). .Antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone on potassium excretion.

 

[Cindrella]

few i know:

👍 thank you

2. when we say a pt is non compliant to diabetic regimen and suffers a FALL due to insulin reaction .. what exactly is happening here ?? thanks teethie -- so instead of getting BGL to normal levels , insulin takes it below normal lvls... is there anything more to the pathogenesis of this ? All s/s associated with hypoglycemis wd be seen and nothing more to it ..right ?
3. Emphysema decreases the surface area and causes destruction if the septa .. agreed but how can it increase the compliance of lungs ?
4. Each of the following is a likely long-term complication of poorly controlled type I diabetes mellitus EXCEPT one. Which one is this EXCEPTION?
   1. Pancreatic carcinoma .. answer ??
   2. Hyaline arteriolosclerosis
   3. Proliferative retinopathy
   4. Nodular glomerulosclerosis
   5. Peripheral symmetric neuropathy
5. How can gynacomastia attribute to hepatic failure .. not able to think of a connection

Can someone pls tell me the pathogenesis of complications of DM in brief ...thank you n sorry for the trouble...

👍 thanks teethie 🙂

 

[teethie]

hi pb2007, based on the video u posted can u confirm the answer please.

@ pb2007 all the best for your results 🙂
Acute biliary obstruction produces a rise in

1. urobilinogen in urine.
2. urobilinogen in stool.
3. conjugated bilirubin in urine.
4. conjugated bilirubin in serum..--------------is this right
5. unconjugated bilirubin in serum

how do i rule out option in with regards to bilirubin?

How do i rule oout again ...pls explain

 

[teethie]

actually the word insulin reaction itself means hypoglycemia and why it happens i dont know that part but in question itself is saying that pt is non compliant to diabetic regime so it means that pt has undergone hypoglycemic attack .which is hwat an insulin reaction is. and why pt is not responding to diabetic regimen is the answer to why pt is is having insulin reaction. and this mechanism has more to do with MD doctors than dentists😉 i mean this is then very detailed part...if anyone else knows, pl post it.

hope i did not confuse you.

👍 thanks teethie 🙂

 

[pb2007]

Hi PB2007, CAN U PL EXPLAIN THE difference between uniport an d symport becuase both are involving facilitated diffusion?????

regarding cendrella's ques on glucose mech ,here's wat i kno ,didnt write it properly at nite.

ob basal side the na/k+ atpase pump is throwing 3Na out n putting 2 k+in by active transport coz extracellular fluid is rich in na+ n htis pump is throwing ions against conc gradient .with this mechanism the PCT cell is now sodium deficient .

on luminal side there is high conc of sodium in lumen and cell is deficient ,so it will move inside the cell but sodium is chaRGED SO CANT JST MOVE IN ON ITS QWN .so here carrier transporter comes to rescue .so nodium moving in with this carreir transporter is facilitated diffusion ,nnow this carreier transporter has two arms ,on one side it holds na n other side it will hold gluose n both will move in together .in this case the elctrochemincal difference created by NA/K PUMP ON BASAL SIDE HELPED GLUCOSE TO MOVE IN ON LUMINAL SIDE SO FOR GLUCOSE ITS SEC ACTIVE MECH.

on luminal side we hav cotransport

futher classiification of cotransport is
symporter.....carrying stuff in same direction [sodium glucose transport}
antiporter......carrying in opposite direction

in PCT bicarb is formed inside cell and cell throws h+ion out in lumen so again there is carrier molecule in cell mem which has one arm facing inside cell that will hold hydrogen ion n on lumen side the 2nd arm will hold sodium ion n once both arms are filled the transporter flips n puts sodium inside n throws hydrogen in lumen.here too na is goin by facilitated diffusion n hydrogen goin out by sec active transporter.so again this antiporter pump is driving benefit frm the sodium pottasium pump on basal side .



[/QUOTE]

 

[pb2007]

Basic Transport Mechanisms
Uniporter-A uniporter is an integral membrane protein that is involved in facilitated diffusion. They can be either a channel or a carrier protein.
Symporter-A symporter is an integral membrane protein that is involved in movement of two or more different molecules or ions across a phospholipid membrane such as the plasma membrane in the same direction, and is therefore a type of cotransporter
Antiporter-An antiporter (also called exchanger or counter-transporter) is an integral membrane protein which is involved in secondary active transport of two or more different molecules or ions (i.e. solutes) across a phospholipid membrane such as the plasma membrane in opposite directions.
[edit] Uniporter

Uniporter carrier proteins work by binding to one molecule of solute at a time and transporting it with the solute gradient. Uniporter channels open in response to a stimulus and allow the free flow of specific molecules. Uniporters may not utilize energy other than the solute gradient. Thus they may only transport molecules with the solute gradient, and not against it.
There are several ways in which the opening of uniporter channels may be regulated:

1. Voltage - Regulated by the difference in voltage across the membrane
2. Stress - Regulated by physical pressure on the transporter (as in the cochlea of the ear)
3. Ligand - Regulated by the binding of a ligand to either the intracellular or extracellular side of the cell

Uniporters are involved in many biological processes, including impulse transmission in neurons. Voltage-gated sodium channels are involved in the propagation of a nerve impulse across the neuron. During transmission of the signal from one neuron to the next, calcium is transported into the presynaptic neuron by voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium released from the presynaptic neuron binds to a ligand-gated calcium channel in the postsynaptic neuron to stimulate an impulse in that neuron. Potassium leak channels, also regulated by voltage, then help to restore the resting membrane potential after impulse transmission.
[edit] Symporter

A symporter is an integral membrane protein that is involved in movement of two or more different molecules or ions across a phospholipid membrane such as the plasma membrane in the same direction, and is therefore a type of cotransporter. Typically, the ion(s) will move down the electrochemical gradient, allowing the other molecule(s) to move against the concentration gradient. The movement of the ion(s) across the membrane is facilitated diffusion, and is coupled with the active transport of the molecule(s). It should be noted that although two or more types of molecule are transported, there may be several molecules transported of each type.
[edit] Antiporter

An antiporter (also called exchanger or counter-transporter) is an integral membrane protein which is involved in secondary active transport of two or more different molecules or ions (i.e. solutes) across a phospholipid membrane such as the plasma membrane in opposite directions.
[edit] Uniport and Antiport

Transport mechanisms are "reversible", substrate loaded transporters change conformation quicker therfore antiport transport is quicker than uniport leading to trans-stimulation and co-transport
In primary active transport, one species of solute moves along its electrochemical gradient, allowing a different species to move against its own electrochemical gradient. This movement in contrast to primary active transport, in which all solutes are moved against their concentration gradients, fueled by ATP.
Transport may involve one or more of each type of solute. For example, the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, used by many cells to remove cytoplasmic calcium, exchanges one calcium ion for three sodium ions.
http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Transporter_Kinetics

teethie check this out ,couldnt find very clearcut difference anywhere,this might help.

 

[pb2007]

1. Emphysema decreases the surface area and causes destruction if the septa .. agreed but how can it increase the compliance of lungs ?

cindrella this is regarding your ques

in obstructive diseases like emphysema

compliance is more that is the property to stretch but the elastic recoil capacity is lost which actually opposes compliance in normal lungs so in emphysemic patient due to reduced property to recoil bak wont be able to push all the air out of the lungs .
emphysemic patients hav little trouble inhaling but cant exhale well coz elsatic recoil is missing so they hav high TLC

in restrictive diseases like asthma the elastic recoil force is more dominant so lung is more stiffer n less complaint .

 

[pb2007]

hi pb2007, based on the video u posted can u confirm the answer please.

yes teethie i think that should be the answer coz bilirubin is being conjugated in liver n if bile duct is blocked but i dont understand how it will go back to plasma ,forgot this funda .

 

[teethie]

thank u pb2007 for all the explanations. they r great help.
do u suggest any tip on what should be read in the last days.
decks or questions or kaplan?

 

[teethie]

pb2007, Wonderful explanation, you made this so easy to fit into our brainbox. thank u for ur time in writing such a big post and explaining so nicely.👍👍👍👍👍👍

regarding cendrella's ques on glucose mech ,here's wat i kno ,didnt write it properly at nite.

ob basal side the na/k+ atpase pump is throwing 3Na out n putting 2 k+in by active transport coz extracellular fluid is rich in na+ n htis pump is throwing ions against conc gradient .with this mechanism the PCT cell is now sodium deficient .

on luminal side there is high conc of sodium in lumen and cell is deficient ,so it will move inside the cell but sodium is chaRGED SO CANT JST MOVE IN ON ITS QWN .so here carrier transporter comes to rescue .so nodium moving in with this carreir transporter is facilitated diffusion ,nnow this carreier transporter has two arms ,on one side it holds na n other side it will hold gluose n both will move in together .in this case the elctrochemincal difference created by NA/K PUMP ON BASAL SIDE HELPED GLUCOSE TO MOVE IN ON LUMINAL SIDE SO FOR GLUCOSE ITS SEC ACTIVE MECH.

on luminal side we hav cotransport

futher classiification of cotransport is
symporter.....carrying stuff in same direction [sodium glucose transport}
antiporter......carrying in opposite direction

in PCT bicarb is formed inside cell and cell throws h+ion out in lumen so again there is carrier molecule in cell mem which has one arm facing inside cell that will hold hydrogen ion n on lumen side the 2nd arm will hold sodium ion n once both arms are filled the transporter flips n puts sodium inside n throws hydrogen in lumen.here too na is goin by facilitated diffusion n hydrogen goin out by sec active transporter.so again this antiporter pump is driving benefit frm the sodium pottasium pump on basal side .

[/QUOTE]

 

[Cindrella]

1. Emphysema decreases the surface area and causes destruction if the septa .. agreed but how can it increase the compliance of lungs ?

cindrella this is regarding your ques

in obstructive diseases like emphysema

compliance is more that is the property to stretch but the elastic recoil capacity is lost which actually opposes compliance in normal lungs so in emphysemic patient due to reduced property to recoil bak wont be able to push all the air out of the lungs .
emphysemic patients hav little trouble inhaling but cant exhale well coz elsatic recoil is missing so they hav high TLC

in restrictive diseases like asthma the elastic recoil force is more dominant so lung is more stiffer n less complaint .

Thank you for the awesome explanations pb2007 🙂 u sure have indepth understanding of these subjects 👍

another Q .. breast cancer is most commonly seen in obese individuals ?! i came across this in ASDA paper yest ... 😕 i thought it wd be some prob with the hormones !!

 

[Cindrella]

actually the word insulin reaction itself means hypoglycemia and why it happens i dont know that part but in question itself is saying that pt is non compliant to diabetic regime so it means that pt has undergone hypoglycemic attack .which is hwat an insulin reaction is. and why pt is not responding to diabetic regimen is the answer to why pt is is having insulin reaction. and this mechanism has more to do with MD doctors than dentists😉 i mean this is then very detailed part...if anyone else knows, pl post it.

hope i did not confuse you.

👍

 

[teethie]

actually this has been a finding that it more common in obese but otherwise in slim individuals also it is seen.
thats all i know.

Thank you for the awesome explanations pb2007 🙂 u sure have indepth understanding of these subjects 👍

another Q .. breast cancer is most commonly seen in obese individuals ?! i came across this in ASDA paper yest ... 😕 i thought it wd be some prob with the hormones !!

 

[Cindrella]

yes teethie i think that should be the answer coz bilirubin is being conjugated in liver n if bile duct is blocked but i dont understand how it will go back to plasma ,forgot this funda .

wanted to confirm if i understand right -->

Unconjugated bilirubin is LIPID soluble , Therefore can cross the membranes easily ? is not found in URine - Is usually raised in HEmolytic anemias
Carried in blood with the help of ALBUMIN and is also referred to as INDIRECT billirubin

Conjugated Bilirubin is Bilirubin + Glucose
it is also k/a Direct bilirubin
increased levels usually due to biliary or any other obstruction
it is water soluble ( if the levels rise above normal they can be seen in urine ! ..right )

Urobilinogen normally seen in ( blood to Urine ) Urine small amounts ....

 

[teethie]

yes, u r , i am adding few things to it.

wanted to confirm if i understand right -->

Unconjugated bilirubin is LIPID soluble , Therefore can cross the membranes easily ?----rather it is alcohol soluble
is not found in URine - Is usually raised in HEmolytic anemias
Carried in blood with the help of ALBUMIN and is also referred to as INDIRECT billirubin👍

Conjugated Bilirubin is Bilirubin + Glucose-this conjugation takes place in endoplasmic reticulum and it is water soluble
it is also k/a Direct bilirubin
increased levels usually due to biliary or any other obstruction
it is water soluble ( if the levels rise above normal they can be seen in urine ! ..right ) --regarding bile obstruction, i dont understand will it be conjugated levels high or unconjugated😕😕

Urobilinogen normally seen in ( blood to Urine ) Urine small amounts ....

 

[Cindrella]

yes, u r , i am adding few things to it.

Thanks teethie .. with biliary obstruction the conjugated will be high

most common source of pulmonary embolism is -
Arterial emboli from hrt
haemorrhoids from portal vein

none of them.... ?

Lucid intervals is seen in epidural / sudural hematoma ?

 

[pb2007]

thank u pb2007 for all the explanations. they r great help.
do u suggest any tip on what should be read in the last days.
decks or questions or kaplan?

for last few days i'l jst say one should go over as many ques as you can but dont run for quantity jst quality n evryday devote some time to review your notes .
teethie regarding decks ,i dont kno wat to say ,i was more comfortable with kaplan so jst saw my notes there .it depends teethie wat source u used primarily .
but evryday in last week i devoted most of the time doin ques frm my ques pool n these threads on sdn coz you never kno if u end up being lucky n see same ques on ur exm wat we discuss here .

 

[pb2007]

actually this has been a finding that it more common in obese but otherwise in slim individuals also it is seen.
thats all i know.

jst wanted to add few points to teethie note.

risk factors for breast cancer [frm kaplan]
increasing age
nulliparity
family history
early menarche
late menopause
fibrocystic disease
previous history of breast cancer
obesity
high fat diet

 

[pb2007]

Thanks teethie .. with biliary obstruction the conjugated will be high

most common source of pulmonary embolism is -
Arterial emboli from hrt
haemorrhoids from portal vein

none of them.... ?

Lucid intervals is seen in epidural / sudural hematoma ?

lucid period seen in epidural hemorhage

 

[Cindrella]

jst wanted to add few points to teethie note.

risk factors for breast cancer [frm kaplan]
increasing age
nulliparity
family history
early menarche
late menopause
fibrocystic disease
previous history of breast cancer
obesity
high fat diet

👍 thanks pb

when u get time could u also pls put up the concept of chronotropic and ionotropic.. there was a discussion on that topic on this thread but there was too much of a confusion at that time. ... so if u can 🙂 thankuuu n sorry

 

[briansle]

For a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme with a Km = 1 mM, which of the following represents the effect on the velocity if is changed from 10 mM to 20 mM? (Assume that the enzyme obeys Michaelis-Menten kinetics.)

1. Small decrease
2. Small increase
3. Twofold decrease
4. Twofold increase
5. Twentyfold increase

??

 

[Cindrella]

techoic acid is seen in all gram + ve bacteria, right ? ...where is lipotechoic acid seen ...?
Tubercle bacilli are disseminated via BLOOD .. right ?

 

[briansle]

techoic acid is seen in all gram + ve bacteria, right ? ...where is lipotechoic acid seen ...?
Tubercle bacilli are disseminated via BLOOD .. right ?

Lipoteichoic and teichoic acids are seen in Gram + bacteria.

Gram + has a thick murein peptidoglycan layer with teichoic acids.
Gram - has thin murein layer with lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharide layers

Tubercle bacilli is seen in primary TB. Tubercle bacilli is like a "spore". It travels from the lungs in the blood stream to several organs. It reactivates later in life.

 

[Cindrella]

Lipoteichoic and teichoic acids are seen in Gram + bacteria.

Gram + has a thick murein peptidoglycan layer with teichoic acids.
Gram - has thin murein layer with lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharide layers

Tubercle bacilli is seen in primary TB. Tubercle bacilli is like a "spore". It travels from the lungs in the blood stream to several organs. It reactivates later in life.

Thank you briansle.... another Q ... Cortisol ( glucocorti ) promotes gluconeogenesis , glycogenesis , lipolysis and proteolysis ... is glycogenesis true ??? it antagonizes the effects of Insulin... so something seems wrong here !!

Berry aneurysm is caused by trauma / congenital anatomy ?!

 

[briansle]

Thank you briansle.... another Q ... Cortisol ( glucocorti ) promotes gluconeogenesis , glycogenesis , lipolysis and proteolysis ... is glycogenesis true ??? it antagonizes the effects of Insulin... so something seems wrong here !!

Berry aneurysm is caused by trauma / congenital anatomy ?!

Yea, I couldn't believe it. But then I read this on wikipedia

"Cortisol counteracts insulin, contributing to hyperglycemia via stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis[7] and inhibition of the peripheral utilization of glucose[7] by decreasing the translocation of glucose transporters to the cell membrane,[8] especially GLUT4.[9] However cortisol increases glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) in the liver.[10] Permissive effect of cortisol on insulin action on liver glycogenesis is observed in hepatocyte culture in laboratory, although the mechanism is unknown."

Maybe in times of stress, cortisol will cause proteins and fats to go through gluconeogenesis, but store up glucose in the liver for the long haul. Probably an evolutionary remnant of survival for our hunter-gatherer ancestors. Like if they see a T-Rex their bodies will breakdown certain molecules but also remember to save some energy later, in case they run into a veloceraptor.

Berry aneurysms are congenital in nature. Weakening of blood vessels in brain that may cause stroke.

 

[Cindrella]

Yea, I couldn't believe it. But then I read this on wikipedia

"Cortisol counteracts insulin, contributing to hyperglycemia via stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis[7] and inhibition of the peripheral utilization of glucose[7] by decreasing the translocation of glucose transporters to the cell membrane,[8] especially GLUT4.[9] However cortisol increases glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) in the liver.[10] Permissive effect of cortisol on insulin action on liver glycogenesis is observed in hepatocyte culture in laboratory, although the mechanism is unknown."

Maybe in times of stress, cortisol will cause proteins and fats to go through gluconeogenesis, but store up glucose in the liver for the long haul. Probably an evolutionary remnant of survival for our hunter-gatherer ancestors. Like if they see a T-Rex their bodies will breakdown certain molecules but also remember to save some energy later, in case they run into a veloceraptor.

Berry aneurysms are congenital in nature. Weakening of blood vessels in brain that may cause stroke.

Thank you briansle 🙂

 

[teethie]

hi perfectionist , do u have the link for this book to support your naswer on enamel distribution of calcium. pl paste it.

refer tencates....very clearly given!

 

[perfectionist1]

hi perfectionist , do u have the link for this book to support your naswer on enamel distribution of calcium. pl paste it.

oh its been so long teethie....i must have checked out...maybe atleast 10 refernce materials for that answer or probably more🙄!i 4got what all it was.

 

[teethie]

never mind annie.

guys can u explain how antifungals work??

oh its been so long teethie....i must have checked out...maybe atleast 10 refernce materials for that answer or probably more🙄!i 4got what all it was.

 

[perfectionist1]

never mind annie.

guys can u explain how antifungals work??

Usually most of the antifungal drugs bind to the fungal membrane(esp Ergosterol) and disrupt it and prevent fungal growth/mitosis...Anyways the mechanism varies with the type of antifungal drug.

 

[teethie]

thanks annie, but if mechanism varies then can u explain please only nystatin mechanism becuase it is the commonly prescribed drug.

Usually most of the antifungal drugs bind to the fungal membrane(esp Ergosterol) and disrupt it and prevent fungal growth/mitosis...Anyways the mechanism varies with the type of antifungal drug.

 

[Cindrella]

Hi all ....

another basic Q... Thyroid hormones are stored in the follicles as thyroglobulin right ?
they are released from these follicles as T4 which is later converted to T3 in the peripheral tissues... is this correct or is there something more / else to it ?

also active follicles are acidic right ?

Anti thyroglobulin
anti TSH receptor

is seen in ..hashimoto's ??

 

[teethie]

hi cindrella,

Thanks teethie .. with biliary obstruction the conjugated will be high

most common source of pulmonary embolism is -
Arterial emboli from hrt
haemorrhoids from portal vein

none of them.... ?
this is due to embolism of a thrombus (blood clot) from the deep veins in the legs, a process termed venous thromboembolism.

Lucid intervals is seen in epidural / sudural hematoma ?

 

[perfectionist1]

thanks annie, but if mechanism varies then can u explain please only nystatin mechanism becuase it is the commonly prescribed drug.

Nystatin belongs to the polyene group of antifungals.The polyene bind with ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane. This changes the transition temperature (Tg) of the cell membrane, thereby placing the membrane in a less fluid, more crystalline state. As a result, the cell's contents including monovalent ions (K+, Na+, H+, and Cl-), small organic molecules leak and this is regarded one of the primary ways cell dies.

 

[Cindrella]

hi cindrella,

Thank you teethie.. can you please explain the negative feedback in secondary hyperparathyroidism and the lab findings in brief.. every thing seems to be cluttered.

For primary HypeparaT --> what is the alkaline phosphatase level ? LOW ?

is there any marker for osteoclastic activity ?

Pneumocytes are simple cuboidal cells or simple squamous ?

 

[teethie]

Hi,

hi all ....

Another basic q... Thyroid hormones are stored in the follicles as thyroglobulin right ?
They are released from these follicles as t4 which is later converted to t3 in the peripheral tissues... Is this correct or is there something more / else to it ?-------i think this is all what know too👍

Also active follicles are acidic right ?

anti thyroglobulin
anti tsh receptor

is seen in ..hashimoto's ?? yes it can be seen but
anti-tsh receptor antibodies (trabs) are found in most patients with graves’ disease and a portion of patients with primary myxedema. They are considered to induce hyperthyroid or hypothyroid states, depending on their activity.
in hashimoto’s patients, anti-tpo( thyroid peroxidase ) and anti-tg abs have respective prevalence rates of 90-100% and 80-90%. In graves’ patients anti-tpo and anti-tg abs have respective prevalence rates of 50-70% and 50-80%

 

[teethie]

AWESOME ANNIE 👍👍👍👍

Nystatin belongs to the polyene group of antifungals.The polyene bind with ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane. This changes the transition temperature (Tg) of the cell membrane, thereby placing the membrane in a less fluid, more crystalline state. As a result, the cell's contents including monovalent ions (K+, Na+, H+, and Cl-), small organic molecules leak and this is regarded one of the primary ways cell dies.

 

[teethie]

..

Thank you teethie.. can you please explain the negative feedback in secondary hyperparathyroidism and the lab findings in brief.. every thing seems to be cluttered.

For primary HypeparaT --> what is the alkaline phosphatase level ? LOW ?
No it will be high in primary hyperparathyroidism


in sec hyperparathyroidism, there will be increased excretion of urinary phosphorous .


is there any marker for osteoclastic activity ? howships lacunae
Pneumocytes are simple cuboidal cells or
simple squamous -----------answer

 

[Anaita]

Hey everbody
Am a new member here.. and can sure see how informative this forum is.. 🙂

 

[teethie]

welcome aboard🙂 indeed this is an outstanding thread for all the questions one can come across. most of the topics have been discussed.

Hey everbody
Am a new member here.. and can sure see how informative this forum is.. 🙂

 

[Cindrella]

Welcome to this thread Anaita 🙂

Thanks teethie .. another Q

Primary addisom's disease :
Adrenal cortex is not destroyed -- nomral or high levels of ACTH and LOW cortisol

Secondary addison's disease :
Low ACTH and LOW cortisol... Destroyed / unresponsive adrenal cortex...

Also, erythema multiformae and SLE - type 3 hypersensitivity

Barretts esophagus - Squamous metaplasia ... simple columnar to stratifies squamous right ??? Normal esophagus is simple columnar right not stratified columnar ?
Am i right ?

 

[elmos]

pls i need help in these:
which of the following can increase the diffusion of oxygen through alveolar membrane?
increasing crosssectional
decreasing concentration gradient
and pls explain
a dental patient type I diabetic and is scheduded for extractions. which of the following potential clinical complication should most concern the dentist
increased potential to infection
probability of seizure
thks in advance.

 

[elmos]

Welcome to this thread Anaita 🙂

Thanks teethie .. another Q

Primary addisom's disease :
Adrenal cortex is not destroyed -- nomral or high levels of ACTH and LOW cortisol👍

Secondary addison's disease :
Low ACTH and LOW cortisol... Destroyed / unresponsive adrenal cortex..👍.

Also, erythema multiformae and SLE - type 3 hypersensitivity 👍

Barretts esophagus - Squamous metaplasia ... simple columnar to stratifies squamous right ??? Normal esophagus is simple columnar right not stratified columnar ?
Am i right ?

what i know that the oesophagus is stratified squamous the stomach is columnar, but in barret's disease there's a metaplasia
correct me if i'm wrong

 

[Cindrella]

pls i need help in these:
which of the following can increase the diffusion of oxygen through alveolar membrane?
increasing crosssectional ..answer
decreasing concentration gradient
and pls explain
a dental patient type I diabetic and is scheduded for extractions. which of the following potential clinical complication should most concern the dentist
increased potential to infection ..answer
probability of seizure
thks in advance.

..

 

[elmos]

thanks a lot cindrella for the answers.

 

[elmos]

immunologic injury that involves activation of complement as an important event in producing damage to the tissue is found
immune complex mediated hypersensitivity
antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
thanks in advance

 

[Cindrella]

immunologic injury that involves activation of complement as an important event in producing damage to the tissue is found
immune complex mediated hypersensitivity
antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity...not sure
thanks in advance

..
Which of the following are MOST antigenic?

Lipids
Haptens ... shouldn't it be haptens !!
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates

 

[teethie]

..

..
Which of the following are MOST antigenic?

Lipids
Haptens ... shouldn't it be haptens !! -----------------no
Proteins -----------------👍agree
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates

 

[Cindrella]

Administration of tetanus toxoid provides what type of immunity?

Innate
Natural active
Natural passive
Artificial active....answer ???
Artificial passive

 

[wdent]

Yes cindrella agree with u on Artificial acitive ( artificial active - vaccination,attenuated/ and toxoid)

 

[Cindrella]

Thanks wdent

A patient has a profound disturbance in equilibrium, alterations of gait (ataxia), and intention tremor. This patient MOST likely has a massive lesion that involves which of the following? A. Amygdala B. Cerebellum C. Cerebral cortex D. Caudate nucleus E. Lenticular nucleus

The MOST susceptible sites in the nervous system for the effects of acute ischemic anoxia are the A. motor end-plates. B. sensory receptors. C. synapses on autonomic ganglia. D. synapses in the central nervous system

The aerosol produced during operative dental procedures is likely to contain a predominance of which of the following? A. Yeasts and spirochetes B. Spirochetes and rod forms C. Spirochetes and rickettsiae D. Gram-positive rods and cocci E. Gram-negative rod forms and spirochetes

Which of the following describes the anatomic progression from mandibular first to third molars? A. The roots become more divergent. B. The crowns and roots become longer. C. The crowns and roots become shorter. D. The crowns become longer, but the roots get shorter. E. The crowns become shorter, but the roots get longer.