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- Dec 28, 2006
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Before swallowing can be initialized, afferent information must be received
a) From muscle spindles, indicating the consistency of a soft bolus of food
b) In a lesser amount from nociceptors indicating a soft bolus of food
c) From mucosal mechanoreceptors, indicating the consistency of a soft bolus of food
d) From pharyngeal taste receptors, indicating the consistency of a soft bolus of food
The rapid emergence of new strains of human immunodeficiency virus is primarily the result of
a) The frequent genomic recombination between human immunodeficiency virus and other retroviruses
b) Frequent errors in the translation of viral proteins
c) The lack of immune response to the viral envelope glycoprotein
d) Frequent errors introduced by viral reverse transcriptase
e) The imprecision of protein cleavage by viral protease
Which of the following base pairs promotes helix stabilization in DNA but does NOT do so in RNA?
a) G-C
b) A-T
c) G-U
d) C-T
e) A-U
DNA that is complementary to mRNA can be made using which of the following?
a) A plasmid
b) DNA ligase
c) A retrovirus
d) RNA polymerase
e) Reverse transcriptase
The apex of the horizontal plane Gothic-arch tracing represents which of the following positions?
a) Maximum opening
b) Centric relation
c) Lateral protrusive
d) Rest position
Each of the following statements describes a contributor to the initiation of mineralization of bone EXCEPT one. Which one is this EXCEPTION?
a) Holes or pores in collagen fibers
b) Release of matrix vesicles by osteoblasts
c) Release of acid phosphatase by osteocytes trapped in lacunae
d) Alkaline phasphatase activity in osteoblasts and matrix vesicles
e) Degredation of matrix pyrophosphate to release an inorganic phosphate group
The nasopalatine nerve reaches mucosa in the oral cavity via which of the following foramina?
a) Incisive
b) Infraorbital
c) Lesser palatine
d) Greater palatine
e) Pterygopalatine
Odontoblasts secrete the organic components of the dentin matrix. The fibrous matrix is MOSTLY
a) Keratin
b) Reticular fibers
c) Type 1 collagen
d) Type II and III colagen
e) Reabsorbed as the dentin matures
Which of the following pathogens is the single MOST common cause of sexually transmitted disease in the U.S.?
a) Treponema pallidum
b) Haemophilus ducrey
c) Chlamydia trachomatis
d) Herpes simplex virus
e )Human immunodeficiency virus
Which of the following is the pathway that results in the formation of glucose in the liver from lactate produced in muscle?
a) Cori cycle
b) Glycolysis
c) Citric acid cycle
d) Pentose phosphate pathway
MOST cases of choriocarcinoma are discovered by the appearance of a rising titer in blood or urine of which of the following?
a) Acid phosphatase
b) Alpha-fetoprotein
c) Alkaline phasphatase
d) Carcinoembryonic antigen
e) Human chorionic gonadotropin
