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The quote above PROVES that 2020 is not 1963. The people of the USA do not support racial injustice. Police brutality is condemned by all not just African Americans. The courts have proven over and over again to be very fair in treatment of African Americans since the civil rights act. City leaders want to negotiate with African American leadership. The white majority seeks reconciliation and peace with their African American neighbors.
57 years have passed since that letter was written. While injustice remains the USA of 2020 is a vastly different place than 1963. The USA is no longer a racist nation and the voices of African Americans are heard loud and clear without the necessity for violence. Those who choose violence and insurrection do so for their own gain not for the greater good of African Americans or society as a whole.
Lol, your statement is a fair mix of delusion and ignorance. It was barely 5 years ago that uttering "Black Lives Matters" was a 4 letter word, and it still is to you. Don't give me this shi+ that just because we're not literally living in 1963 that everything is fine, because you and 40% of the population are currently enabling and are about to vote again for someone who is desperate to go back to 1963 America.
"The courts have proven over and over since the Civil Rights Act to be very fair in treatment of African Americans" ? Hahahhahhahahhahahaha. I mean, seriously......hahhahhahhahhahahahhhahahhahah. What planet are you living on, blade?
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Anti-drug abuse act of 1986 ensured that possessors of crack (mostly black) ended up getting sentences 100x that of possessors of cocaine (mostly white) on a gram for gram basis.
en.m.wikipedia.org
Black male offenders received sentences on average 19.1 percent longer than similarly situated White male offenders
Black male offenders were 21.2 percent less likely than White male offenders to receive a non-government sponsored downward departure or variance during the Post-Report period. Furthermore, when Black male offenders did receive a non-government sponsored departure or variance, they received sentences 16.8 percent longer than White male offenders
Black male offenders received sentences on average 20.4 percent longer than similarly situated White male offenders, accounting for violence in an offender’s past
(November 2017) A report updating the Commission's data analysis concerning demographic differences in federal sentencing practices set forth in the Commission's 2012 Report to the Congress: Continuing Impact of United States v. Booker on Federal Sentencing.
www.ussc.gov
According to a 2001 study, Hispanics and blacks receive an average sentencing of 54.1 and 64.1 months, respectively, while whites receive an average of 32.1 months.
[80] 77,236 offenders, sentenced under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984,
[80] were evaluated to control for extraneous variables other than race, but these findings remain relevant despite the fact that the offenders committed the same offense and received sentencing from the same district court. This finding is consistent across jurisdictions in multiple states within the U.S., and direct discrimination was found to be more prominent at the federal level.
[81] There are many theorists who attempt to explain why these disparities exist. Racial stereotypes and related factors such as socioeconomic status may influence the court's perception of the individual as well as its decision-making.
[82] For instance, judges may perceive minority defendants as unable to afford fines or probation fees. Consequently, they resort to jail term as opposed to community corrections sentence.
Research also suggests that there is discrimination by the judicial system, which contributes to a higher number of convictions and unfavorable sentencing for racial minorities.
[86][87][88][89][90][14][13][91][92] A 2012 study found that "(i) juries formed from all-white jury pools convict black defendants significantly (16 percentage points) more often than white defendants, and (ii) this gap in conviction rates is entirely eliminated when the jury pool includes at least one black member."
[88] Research has found evidence of in-group bias, where "black (white) juveniles who are randomly assigned to black (white) judges are more likely to get incarcerated (as opposed to being placed on probation), and they receive longer sentences."
[90]
A 2014 study in the
Journal of Political Economy found that 9% of the black-white gap in sentencing could not be accounted for.
[13] The elimination of unexplained sentencing disparities would reduce "the level of black men in federal prison by 8,000–11,000 men [out of black male prison population of 95,000] and save $230–$320 million per year in direct costs."
[13] The majority of the unexplained sentencing disparity appears to occur at the point when prosecutors decide to bring charges carrying "mandatory minimum" sentences.
[13] A 2018 paper by Alma Cohen and Crystal Yang of
Harvard Law School found that "that Republican-appointed judges give substantially longer prison sentences to black offenders versus observably similar non-black offenders compared to Democratic-appointed judges within the same district court."
[93] A 2018 study in the
Quarterly Journal of Economics found that
bail judges in Miami and Philadelphia were racially biased against black defendants, as white defendants had higher rates of pretrial misconduct than black defendants.
[14]
In criminal sentencing, medium to dark-skinned African Americans are likely to receive sentences 2.6 years longer than those of whites or light-skinned African Americans. When a white victim is involved, those with more "black" features are likely to receive a much more severe punishment.
[94] A 2018 National Bureau of Economic Research experiment found that law students, economics students and practicing lawyers who watched 3D Virtual Reality videos of court trials (where the researchers altered the race of the defendants) showed a racial bias against minorities.
[95]
A 2016 report by the
Sarasota Herald-Tribune found that Florida judges sentence black defendants to far longer prison sentences than whites with the same background.
[96] For the same drug possession crimes, blacks were sentenced to double the time of whites.
[96] Blacks were given longer sentences in 60 percent of felony cases, 68 percent of the most serious first-degree crimes, 45 percent of burglary cases and 30 percent of battery cases.
[96] For third-degree felonies (the least serious types of felonies in Florida), white judges sentenced blacks to twenty percent more time than whites, whereas black judges gave more balanced sentences.
[96]
A 2014 study on the application of the death penalty in Connecticut over the period 1973–2007 found "that minority defendants who kill white victims are capitally charged at substantially higher rates than minority defendants who kill minorities... There is also strong and statistically significant evidence that minority defendants who kill whites are more likely to end up with capital sentences than comparable cases with white defendants."
[107]
en.m.wikipedia.org
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