New York Times: Study shows the downsides of diversity
The downside of diversity - The New York Times
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It is becoming increasingly popular to speak of ethnic diversity as a societal strength. From multicultural festivals to pronouncements by political leaders, the message is the same: Our differences make us stronger.
However, a large new study based on detailed surveys of nearly 30,000 people across America comes to exactly the opposite conclusion. Harvard political scientist Robert Putnam – famous for “Bowling Alone,” his 2000 book on the decline of civic engagement – has found that the greater the diversity in a community, the fewer people vote and the less they volunteer, donate to charity, and work on community projects. In the most diverse communities, neighbors trust each other only half as much as in the most homogeneous environments. The study, the largest ever conducted on civic engagement in America, found that virtually all indicators of civic health are lower in more diverse environments. “The magnitude of the effect is shocking,” says Scott Page, a political scientist at the University of Michigan.
“It would be regrettable if politically correct progressivism were to deny the reality of the challenge to social solidarity posed by diversity,” Putnam writes in the new report. "Equally regrettable would be if an ahistorical and ethnocentric conservatism were to deny that meeting this challenge is both feasible and desirable."
Putnam argues that there has been a significant decline in the US in “social capital,” a term he helped coin. Social capital refers to the social networks – be they friendships, religious communities, or neighborhood associations – that he believes are key indicators of citizens’ well-being. When social capital is high, Putnam says, communities are more livable places. Neighborhoods are safer, people are healthier, and more citizens vote.
The results of his new study come from a survey Putnam conducted among residents in 41 US communities, including Boston. Residents were categorized into the four main categories used by the US Census: Black, White, Hispanic, and Asian. They were asked how much they trusted their neighbors and members of each racial category, and they were asked about a long list of civic attitudes and practices, including their views on local government, their participation in community projects, and their friendships. In the more diverse communities, a bleak picture of civic desolation emerged, affecting everything from political engagement to the state of social bonds.
“People said, ‘I bet you forgot Factor X,’” Putnam says of the array of suggestions from colleagues to explain the differences. “There were 20 or 30 Xs.”
But even after statistically accounting for all of them, the correlation remained: Higher diversity meant lower social capital. In his findings, Putnam writes that people in more diverse communities tend to “distrust their neighbors, regardless of skin color, even withdraw from close friends, expect the worst from their community and its leaders, volunteer less, donate less to charity, and participate less in community projects, register less as voters, agitate more for social reforms, but believe less that they can actually make a difference, and gather unhappily in front of the television.”
“People living in ethnically diverse environments seem to ‘hunker down’ – that is, they withdraw like a turtle,” Putnam writes. And perhaps the most surprising result is that trust is lower not only between groups in a more diverse environment, but even between members of the same group.
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