. That being said I don’t agree with the media hysteria that this is a massive, tilted system that is literally hunting down black people in the streets
I'm glad you disagree with something that doesn't actually exist. Or did I miss the memo about LeBron James' hyperbolic tweet regarding the Arbery incident becoming synonymous with the entirety of "the media" ? Seriously, the hysteria about imagined media hysteria has become more real than actual media hysteria.
, denying qualified black/brown candidates for jobs across multiple industries, incarcerating non-discriminately etc. The magnitude of these issues in numbers matters more than terrible anecdotal cases that run 24/7 on news cycle
You're right. The data do matter. Which is why I suppose most of you never substantively address the following which have been brought up numerous times in this forum
African American and Asian job applicants who mask their race on resumes seem to have better success getting job interviews, according to research by Katherine DeCelles and colleagues.
hbswk.hbs.edu
Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha or Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination
We study race in the labor market by sending fictitious resumes to help-wanted ads in Boston and Chicago newspapers. To manipulate perceived race, resumes are randomly assigned African-American- or White-sounding names. White names receive 50 percent more callbacks for interviews. Callbacks are also more responsive to resume quality for White names than for African-American ones. The racial gap is uniform across occupation, industry, and employer size. We also find little evidence that employers are inferring social class from the names. Differential treatment by race still appears to still be prominent in the U.S. labor market. (JEL J71, J64)
And, one more time, what I wrote to blade when he laughably claimed that blacks have been treated very fairly by the courts since the CRA
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Anti-drug abuse act of 1986 ensured that
possessors of crack (mostly black) ended up getting sentences 100x that of possessors of cocaine (mostly white) on a gram for gram basis.
en.m.wikipedia.org
Black male offenders received sentences on average
19.1 percent longer than similarly situated White male offenders
Black male offenders were 21.2 percent less likely than White male offenders to receive a non-government sponsored downward departure or variance during the Post-Report period. Furthermore, when Black male offenders did receive a non-government sponsored departure or variance,
they received sentences 16.8 percent longer than White male offenders
Black male offenders received sentences on average
20.4 percent longer than similarly situated White male offenders, accounting for violence in an offender’s past
(November 2017) A report updating the Commission's data analysis concerning demographic differences in federal sentencing practices set forth in the Commission's 2012 Report to the Congress: Continuing Impact of United States v. Booker on Federal Sentencing.
www.ussc.gov
According to a 2001 study,
Hispanics and blacks receive an average sentencing of 54.1 and 64.1 months, respectively, while whites receive an average of 32.1 months.[80] 77,236 offenders, sentenced under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984,
[80] were evaluated to control for extraneous variables other than race, but these findings remain relevant despite the fact that the offenders committed the same offense and received sentencing from the same district court. This finding is consistent across jurisdictions in multiple states within the U.S., and direct discrimination was found to be more prominent at the federal level.
[81] There are many theorists who attempt to explain why these disparities exist. Racial stereotypes and related factors such as socioeconomic status may influence the court's perception of the individual as well as its decision-making.
[82] For instance, judges may perceive minority defendants as unable to afford fines or probation fees. Consequently, they resort to jail term as opposed to community corrections sentence.
Research also suggests that there is discrimination by the judicial system, which contributes to a higher number of convictions and unfavorable sentencing for racial minorities.
[86][87][88][89][90][14][13][91][92] A 2012 study found that "(i) juries formed from all-white jury pools convict black defendants significantly (16 percentage points) more often than white defendants, and (ii) this gap in conviction rates is entirely eliminated when the jury pool includes at least one black member."
[88] Research has found evidence of in-group bias, where "black (white) juveniles who are randomly assigned to black (white) judges are more likely to get incarcerated (as opposed to being placed on probation), and they receive longer sentences."
[90]
A 2014 study in the
Journal of Political Economy found that 9% of the black-white gap in sentencing could not be accounted for.
[13] The elimination of unexplained sentencing disparities would reduce "the level of black men in federal prison by 8,000–11,000 men [out of black male prison population of 95,000] and save $230–$320 million per year in direct costs."
[13] The majority of the unexplained sentencing disparity appears to occur at the point when prosecutors decide to bring charges carrying "mandatory minimum" sentences.
[13] A 2018 paper by Alma Cohen and Crystal Yang of Harvard Law School found that "that Republican-appointed judges give substantially longer prison sentences to black offenders versus observably similar non-black offenders compared to Democratic-appointed judges within the same district court."
[93] A 2018 study in the
Quarterly Journal of Economics found that
bail judges in Miami and Philadelphia were racially biased against black defendants, as white defendants had higher rates of pretrial misconduct than black defendants.
[14]
In criminal sentencing,
medium to dark-skinned African Americans are likely to receive sentences 2.6 years longer than those of whites or light-skinned African Americans. When a white victim is involved, those with more "black" features are likely to receive a much more severe punishment.
[94] A 2018 National Bureau of Economic Research experiment found that law students, economics students and practicing lawyers who watched 3D Virtual Reality videos of court trials (where the researchers altered the race of the defendants) showed a racial bias against minorities.
[95]
A 2016 report by the Sarasota Herald-Tribune found that Florida judges sentence black defendants to far longer prison sentences than whites with the same background.[96] For the same drug possession crimes, blacks were sentenced to double the time of whites.
[96] Blacks were given longer sentences in 60 percent of felony cases, 68 percent of the most serious first-degree crimes, 45 percent of burglary cases and 30 percent of battery cases.
[96] For third-degree felonies (the least serious types of felonies in Florida), white judges sentenced blacks to twenty percent more time than whites, whereas black judges gave more balanced sentences.
[96]
A 2014 study on the application of the death penalty in Connecticut over the period 1973–2007 found
"that minority defendants who kill white victims are capitally charged at substantially higher rates than minority defendants who kill minorities... There is also strong and statistically significant evidence that minority defendants who kill whites are more likely to end up with capital sentences than comparable cases with white defendants."
[107]
en.m.wikipedia.org
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