Lets discuss questions of NBDE 1

[d dimps]

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1). .Which angle does a P Wave makes on ECG?
a). .45 degree
b). .180 degree
c). .0 degree
d). .-45 degree
e). .-180 degree.

2). .What is endogenous cholesterol? Most endogenous cholesterol is converted to?
a). .Glucose
b). .Cholic acid
c). .Steroid
d). .Oxaloacetete
e). .Ketone bodies

3). .Which of the following statement is correct regarding Glioblastoma multiforme?
a). .the tumor is most common before puberty
b). .it is classified as a type of meningioma
c). .it is most common type of Astrocytoma.
d). .Its prognosis is generally more favourablethan Grade 1 astrocytoma.
e). .It is derived from the epithelial lining of ventricles

4). .Which of the following pathological changes is irreversible?
a). .fatty changes in liver cells
b). .karyolysis in myocardial cells
c). .glycogen deposition in hepatocyte nuclei
d). .hydropic vacuolization of renal tubular epithelial cells.

5). .An example of Synergism is the effect of?
a). .insulin and glucagon on blood glucose
b). .estrogen and progesterone on uterine motility
c). .growth hormone and thyroxine on skeletal growth.
d). .Antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone on potassium excretion.

 

[R19]

Q.which of foll does not contribute to arch stability?
cusps,root forms,embrasures,contact areas,pdl fibres??

Q.Which of foll teeth least resembles any other tooth in human dentition?
I think the ans should be primary max 1 Molar.but acc to asda key its primary mand 1st molar????which is right???

 

[Cindrella]

@teethie-i thought of same ans for qn 1 but in ans key it was lateral protrusive.guess ans key is wrong.
2nd QN i cant differentiate whether its occlusal crown outline that is askd or occlusal table??bcoz if its oclusal table wont that be rectangular??

occ crown profile - Hexagonal , diamond, rhomboid , rhomboid , heart fr both maxi and mandi posterior teeth

 

[Cindrella]

cindrella: i checked in Mc Donalds and it says oblique ridge present in max primary 2nd molar, they do not mention abt ti in primary 1 st molar.
so lets say this can be an error in crack.

abt collagen: pdl has type 1 and type 3.
yes bone has type 1.

thanks 👍

 

[teethie]

..

1-usually DMR is longer than MMR except PERMANENT maxi 1st PM and PRIMARY maxillay canine--------👍

2-teeth begin to develop at 4 weeks right.... the tooth bud ?---not sure

3-dentin is prominent at bell stage --------👍

4-For cementum to form hertwigs epithelial root sheath needs to go away
what changes occur for root dentin to form ?

5-primary teeth begin calcification at ?
earliest 4 months in utero ? --------👍

6- age of enamel completion of primary teeth is 6-10 week s AFTER birth ??

7- shape at the cervical cross section of
maxillary 1st PM is kidney , --------👍
maxillary 2nd PM is ? , --------ovoid
Maxi 1st M is triangular , --------👍
maxi 2nd M is triangular --------👍

8-shape at the cervical cross section of
madibular 1st PM is oval , -------------👍
madi 2nd PM is ? , ------- again-ovoid
mandi 1st M is rectangular ,----------- not sure
mandi 2nd M is retangular,----------- not sure

is it correct ?

 

[teethie]

answer is for sure non working lateral side in that question.

occlusal table and outline i think is same.btw kaplan says outline is rectangular.

Q.which of foll does not contribute to arch stability?
cusps---------just guessing
,root forms,embrasures,contact areas,pdl fibres??

Q.Which of foll teeth least resembles any other tooth in human dentition?
I think the ans should be primary max 1 Molar.but acc to asda key its primary mand 1st molar????which is right???

is th option given max 1 st molar also? if yes then it is also a right answer becuase no primary 1 st molars resemble any other tooth.

 

[teethie]

cindrella; cartilage has type 2 collagen

connectve tissue has type 3 collagen

i found it in ten cates oral histology

 

[R19]

answer is for sure non working lateral side in that question.

occlusal table and outline i think is same.btw kaplan says outline is rectangular.

@teethie - acc to asda its embrasures but i think embrasures do contribute to arch stability.what about pdl fibres??whats their role in arch stability?? and other qn both max and mand primary 1st molars are given in options so which one is ans??
@cindrella-thnx

 

[R19]

..

teeth begin to develop by 5th week(in some sources it also says 6th week)

 

[R19]

I know this must be very basic but im so confused- there are many qs in DA in which a diag is given of max/mand teeth showing path of opp teeth cusps(eg max cusps on mand teeth) now there are two parts to such qs.one is bout what is type of mand movement.this is easy to ans.but the other part is to identify the cusps(whose direction of movement has been shown)i did few qn right and now im completely lost what criteria should i apply to differentiate if its lingual or buccal cusp of a particular tooth.PLS explain this to me.

 

[Anaita]

Hey!! had to clear up this collagen issue since histology is the subject i am reading these days 🙂
5 types of collagen
Type I - Dermis, bone, tendon, dentin, fascia, organ capsules, fubrous capsules
Type II - Mainly in hyaline and elastic cartilage. In adults hyaline cartilage is retained as the articular surface covering of bones and the support of the respiratory tract Elastic cartilage is located in the external ear,epiglottis and eustachian tube.
Type III - Major component of reticular fibres, found in smooth muscle, arteries, liver, spleen, kidney and lungs.
Type IV - Basal lamina of basement membranes.
Type V - fetal membranes

Connective tissue is of different types... CT proper, Reticular CT, Adipose tissue, Elastic CT and accordingly the distribution pattern of type of collagen

 

[Anaita]

I know this must be very basic but im so confused- there are many qs in DA in which a diag is given of max/mand teeth showing path of opp teeth cusps(eg max cusps on mand teeth) now there are two parts to such qs.one is bout what is type of mand movement.this is easy to ans.but the other part is to identify the cusps(whose direction of movement has been shown)i did few qn right and now im completely lost what criteria should i apply to differentiate if its lingual or buccal cusp of a particular tooth.PLS explain this to me.

Hey R19, where should i read occlusion from?? did not like what i read in Wheelers'.. basically discusses the development of occlusion.. and do you have the N series??

 

[R19]

Hey R19, where should i read occlusion from?? did not like what i read in Wheelers'.. basically discusses the development of occlusion.. and do you have the N series??

I read occlusion from kaplan review notes and okeson.

 

[Anaita]

I read occlusion from kaplan review notes and okeson.[/Q
Thanks.. 🙂

 

[Cindrella]

thanks anaita and teethie....

few more dental anat Q's :

1-Which tooth needs separate MO and DO preparation
2- 2 occulsal pits are usually found in ... Mandi 1st PM ?
3- Does mandi 1st PM have a very prominent transverse ridge thats why separate MO / DO prep ?
4- can u pls tell me the root concavities for posterior teeth ?
mandi 1st M mesial + distal root concavity on mesial root
how about its distal root ?
Maxillary 1st M .... MB root is bigger thann DB root right >? Are there any concavities on it ? Palatal root is widest Mesiodistally and has facila and lingual concavities ..right ?
5-Maxi C incisor and L incisor have nor root concavities at all... am i rt ?
6-Triangualr ridge is most prominent in whch all teeth ?
7- Bifurcated root in Mandibular canine but 2 root canals in Mandibular lateral incisor... rite ?

Q.112 Packet M - the answer is Gemination ... but how is that possible when the no. of teeth is same... neither increased nor decreased... is it incomplete gemination ?
Q.140 packet M ... didn't understand the Q 🙁
Q.198 packet M --- shouldn't the answer be TREMOR ( A ) as not attributable to hepatic failure ?
Q.200 packet M -- acute passive congestion is accompanied with edema / inflammation ?

are there any mistakes in those 200 Q's in Packet M ?? Pls let me know...

 

[Cindrella]

@ anaita & R19 - those movements and diagrams with arrows are explained well in dental decks

 

[R19]

@cindrella- Separate MO and DO prep is needed for perm max 1st molars bcoz of prominant oblique ridge which is imp to preserve for tooth strenght

 

[Cindrella]

R 19 .. check Q . 141 dental anat december 1996 .. it has diagrams drawn and none of the teeth look like maxillary 1st molar.

Q- cervical margin of facial crwn surf of maxi. 1st M is describd as -
A-evenly convex 1ward apex
B-evenly convex toward occ.
C-irregularly convex towards apex ANSWER 😕
D- irr convex towards occ..


Route of transmission of poliovirus ?

 

[teethie]

R19, can u tell me the year of released paper from which asda is giving answer embrassure??

as i told u before, both answers should be correct for primary1 st molars.

@teethie - acc to asda its embrasures but i think embrasures do contribute to arch stability.what about pdl fibres??whats their role in arch stability?? and other qn both max and mand primary 1st molars are given in options so which one is ans??
@cindrella-thnx

 

[teethie]

agree with R19👍👍

@cindrella- Separate MO and DO prep is needed for perm max 1st molars bcoz of prominant oblique ridge which is imp to preserve for tooth strenght

 

[Anaita]

@ anaita & R19 - those movements and diagrams with arrows are explained well in dental decks

thanks Cindrella, ohk.. will start the Anat, Histo decks soon.. right now am reading the CNS and ANS from Kaplan..

 

[Cindrella]

Teethie and anaita since u guys are online ..cd u pls look into my doubts... much appreciation !

 

[teethie]

..

thanks anaita and teethie....

few more dental anat Q's :

1-Which tooth needs separate MO and DO preparation-----max 1st molar
2- 2 occulsal pits are usually found in ... Mandi 1st PM ?
3- Does mandi 1st PM have a very prominent transverse ridge thats why separate MO / DO prep ?
4- can u pls tell me the root concavities for posterior teeth ? ----on-max 1st molar distal root has concavity and max 1 st premolar has concavity on mseial side.

mandi 1st M mesial + distal root concavity on mesial root
how about its distal root ?
Maxillary 1st M .... MB root is bigger thann DB root right >? Are there any concavities on it ? Palatal root is widest Mesiodistally and has facila and lingual concavities ..right ?
5-Maxi C incisor and L incisor have nor root concavities at all... am i rt ?-----not sure
6-Triangualr ridge is most prominent in whch all teeth ?-----mand 1st molar may be.
7- Bifurcated root in Mandibular canine-----yes👍
but 2 root canals in Mandibular lateral incisor... rite ? -----not always, sometimes present yes.

Q.112 Packet M - the answer is Gemination ... but how is that possible when the no. of teeth is same... neither increased nor decreased... is it incomplete gemination ?
-----in gemination no. of teeth is same and in fusion, it decreases.

Q.140 packet M ... didn't understand the Q 🙁 ----sorry cant explain either.
Q.198 packet M --- shouldn't the answer be TREMOR ( A ) as not attributable to hepatic failure ?--
-asda is going with mallory bodies as it is seen inalcoholics.

Q.200 packet M -- acute passive congestion is accompanied with
edema -----------👍-----------remember pulmoanry edema rt.heart failure
inflammation ?

are there any mistakes in those 200 Q's in Packet M ?? Pls let me know...
i dont think so

 

[Anaita]

..

Cindrella, the following are from what I have read.
Dental anat M Packet
Q-112: The phenomenon of gemination arises when two teeth develop from one tooth bud and, as a result, the patient has an extra tooth, in contrast to fusion, where the patient would appear to be missing one tooth.

Q-140: In the second mandibular molars, on the occlusal surface, developmental grooves are the Central developmental Groove, the MB developmental Groove, DB developmental Groove and the Lingual Developmental Groove. There is no distolingual groove. Hence, the answer is the distofacial triangular (DB) groove which has no counterpart in the distal pit of the first molar.

Q 198: The choices A (Tremors- also called as Asterixis occurs as one of the earliest sign of hepatic decompensation and failure), B (Gynaecomastia - failure of endogenous hormone destruction), D (Hypoalbuminemia - due to failure of synthetic function of liver) and E (Spider telangiectasia - vascular dilatation) are consequences of hepatic failure, whereas the choice C (Mallory Bodies) are a histological finding associated with alcoholic hepatitis (not necessarily yet in the stage of hepatic failure). The ASDA choice is correct.

 

[Cindrella]

👍 thanks a lot teethie n anaita...

1-Cyanide poisioning causes O2-HB disso curve to shift to left ?
2-Amongst Juxta medullary and cortical nephrons - what are the variations in the length of loop of henle ?

Q.65 N series -- what do we mean by the generator potential of a receptor.

 

[teethie]

Anaita: i agree with ur answers but in gemination, there is no extra tooth. number always remain same.
cindrella; i think ,in cyandie poisoning it is same as CO so u r right .
long loop of henle in juxtamedullary.

Cindrella, the following are from what I have read.
Dental anat M Packet
Q-112: The phenomenon of gemination arises when two teeth develop from one tooth bud and, as a result, the patient has an extra tooth, in contrast to fusion, where the patient would appear to be missing one tooth.

Q-140: In the second mandibular molars, on the occlusal surface, developmental grooves are the Central developmental Groove, the MB developmental Groove, DB developmental Groove and the Lingual Developmental Groove. There is no distolingual groove. Hence, the answer is the distofacial triangular (DB) groove which has no counterpart in the distal pit of the first molar.

Q 198: The choices A (Tremors- also called as Asterixis occurs as one of the earliest sign of hepatic decompensation and failure), B (Gynaecomastia - failure of endogenous hormone destruction), D (Hypoalbuminemia - due to failure of synthetic function of liver) and E (Spider telangiectasia - vascular dilatation) are consequences of hepatic failure, whereas the choice C (Mallory Bodies) are a histological finding associated with alcoholic hepatitis (not necessarily yet in the stage of hepatic failure). The ASDA choice is correct.

 

[Anaita]

The maxillary incisors have no root concavities, they are cone shaped; however the maxillary lateral incisor root curves sharply at the apical one third distally.
In gemination the crowns appear like one big crown and so the necessity of an IOPA Xray to confirm the single root; in addition to the fact that the teeth remain the same in number in gemination

 

[Cindrella]

Anaita: i agree with ur answers but in gemination, there is no extra tooth. number always remain same.
cindrella; i think ,in cyandie poisoning it is same as CO so u r right .
long loop of henle in juxtamedullary.

Thanks teethie so in Cyanide poisoning too there will be increased affinity of Hb and O2 and decreased affinity of O2 to be given away to the peripheral tissue. 👍

 

[teethie]

no cindrella, increased affinity of Hb with cyanide or carbon monoxide not with oxygen, as a result decreased oxygen given to peripheral tissues.

Thanks teethie so in Cyanide poisoning too there will be increased affinity of Hb and O2 and decreased affinity of O2 to be given away to the peripheral tissue. 👍

 

[Anaita]

Mandibular lateral incisor with two canals, have'nt heard or seen, maxillary first premolar root may demonstrate two or even three root canals
But then you may have read somewhere... sorry if i'm wrong

 

[Anaita]

no cindrella, increased affinity of Hb with cyanide or carbon monoxide not with oxygen, as a result decreased oxygen given to peripheral tissues.

👍

 

[Cindrella]

no cindrella, increased affinity of Hb with cyanide or carbon monoxide not with oxygen, as a result decreased oxygen given to peripheral tissues.

sry yes the non competitive inhibition of cyanide. 👍

 

[Cindrella]

how are the cervical lines on mesial surface of primary maxillary molar ? do they follow the same rule as permanent teeth ? i.e mesial is deeper thn distal ?

Mesial marginal ridge of posterior teeth is higher / lower than the distal marginal ridge in generla ?

 

[Cindrella]

105-A mouth rinse contain 0.05 percent F ion. which of the flwng represents the concentration expressed as ppm F ion?
a-5
b-50
c-500
d-5000


108-in addition to being a final product of metabolism carbon dioxide is required as a substrate for an enzyme that is associated with which of the flwng?
a-biosynthesis of glycogen from glycerol
b-biosynthesis of fatty acids from acetyl coA... is it this ???
c-biosynthesis of ribose-5-phosphate from glucose
d-oxidation of acetyl coA by the citric acid cycle.. not the answer right
e-generation of ATP during mitochondrial oxidation of NADH
can some pls answer this one !!!

111-EDTA and citrate inhibit blood clot formation by binding which of the flwng?
a-ca++
b-NA+
c-HCO3-
d-Mg++
e-Fe++

115-the extracellular matrix include each of the flwng exept one?
a-collagen type IV
b-proteoglycans
c-fibronectin
d-laminin
e-myosin...


126-For which is the first group of the flwng pairs more likely to be located on the surface of a globular protein than the second group of the pair?
a- -CONH2 -COO-
b- -CH2 -CH(CH2)2
c- -CH2OH -NH4+
d- -CH3 -CH2OH
e- -CH2SH -COO

133-Which of the flwng tissues uses keton bodies as a major fuel in the fed state?
a-brain
b-liver
c-muscle
d-adipose
e-red blood cells

140-A 0.2 mole/lit nacl solution and a 0.2 mole/lit glucose solution are separated by a membrane that is impermeable to these solute but is permeable to water. which of the flwng statements is correct ?
a-there will be no net movement of water to either solution
b-water will go fromthe glucose to the saline solution
c-water will go from the saline to the glucose solution
d-concentration of glucose will decrease
e-concentration of nacl will increase.

145-which of the following can induce edema?
a-lymphatic blockage
b-decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
c-increased plasma oncotic pressure
d-decreased tissue oncotic pressure

***
160.
which of the flwing circumstances produce edema?
a-increased tissue oncotic pressure
b-increased plasma oncotic pressure
c-increased tissue hydrostatic pressure
d-decreased plasma hydrostatic pressure
e-decrease venous pressure

==============

167-skeletal muscle blood flow is autoregulated by:
a-epinephrine
b-axon reflexes
c-acetylcholine
d-spinal reflexes
e-local metabolites

173-which of the flwng represents the normal physiologic stimulus for the hering-breuer reflex?
a-inflation of the lung
b-reduced ph in arterial blood
c-reduced oxygen tension in arterial blood
d-increased carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood
e-decreased carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood

174-The first sound one hears while determining blood pressure is caused by which of the flwng?
a-closure of AV valve
b-closure of aortic valve
c-turbulent blood flow through the artery
d-intermitent flow through venous valves
e-laminar blood flow through the occluded artery

188-in which of the flwng condition is oxygen partial pressure low in arterial blood?
a-anemia
b-polycythemia
c-pulmonary AV shunt
d-hypovolemia due to hemorrhage

195-in which segment of the nephron does tubular fluid have the highest osmolality?
a-henle's loop
b-distal tubule
c-proximal tubule
d-collecting duct
e-bowman's capsule

 

[molar65]

Hi everyone..I'm a foreign student who wants to write NBDE on march 2011..wondering how can i find released papers? thank you so much for the tips!

 

[Cindrella]

flexor of both gleno-humoral + humero-ulnar = biceps brachii right ?

 

[Cindrella]

Pls confirm the following - ASDA 1999 Micro patho

25-Peptic ulcer - most common cause of death is bleeding ( A ) .
35-Most likely warning sign if IMPENDING atherosclerotic brain infarction is - rupture of berry aneurysm.
40-how do we differentiate venous emboli and an arterial emboli in a clinical case ?
42- isn't it D ?? portion of bacterial endotoxin - represents lipopolysacc complex ?
48- in HSV 1 , recurrent lesion is more severe than primary lesion .. its true right ? so answer will be E ?
55-E
62- first of all the Q says DISINFECTING the skin... it shud have been antiseptic used ! anyways.... To obtain blood specimen , we use 70% ethanol right ? so answer is A
64- A
72- Which type of food poisioning is best treated with antibiotics ?
78- Sickling of RBC in sickle cell anemia is due to decreased oxygen tension in blood.
95 - shoudn't it be A- cellulitis ?
99- endogenous infection shud be asubacute bacterial endocarditis ?

ASDA 1999 Anatomy -
75- first synapse for tactile discrimination frm the face occurs in - chief sensory nucleus of V right ?
80- whch of the following features best distinguish cellular cementum- circumferential lamellae .. right / lacunae ?

ASDA 1999 Biochem physio
117 - B example of reduction would be R-cooH --> R-coo + H+
126 😕 a pair that is most likly to b located on globular protein
127-B Calmodulin regulates smooth m. contraction right ?
128-B lecithin
130- 😕
131-C
135-B
136-E

ASDA 1999 - Dental anat

127 - answer should be C mesiofacial groove

 

[start6030]

Pls confirm the following - ASDA 1999 Micro patho

25-Peptic ulcer - most common cause of death is bleeding ( A ) .
35-Most likely warning sign if IMPENDING atherosclerotic brain infarction is - rupture of berry aneurysm.
40-how do we differentiate venous emboli and an arterial emboli in a clinical case ?
42- isn't it D ?? portion of bacterial endotoxin - represents lipopolysacc complex ?
48- in HSV 1 , recurrent lesion is more severe than primary lesion .. its true right ? so answer will be E ?
55-E
62- first of all the Q says DISINFECTING the skin... it shud have been antiseptic used ! anyways.... To obtain blood specimen , we use 70% ethanol right ? so answer is A
64- A
72- Which type of food poisioning is best treated with antibiotics ?
78- Sickling of RBC in sickle cell anemia is due to decreased oxygen tension in blood.
95 - shoudn't it be A- cellulitis ?
99- endogenous infection shud be asubacute bacterial endocarditis ?

ASDA 1999 Anatomy -
75- first synapse for tactile discrimination frm the face occurs in - chief sensory nucleus of V right ?
80- whch of the following features best distinguish cellular cementum- circumferential lamellae .. right / lacunae ?

ASDA 1999 Biochem physio
117 - B example of reduction would be R-cooH --> R-coo + H+
126 😕 a pair that is most likly to b located on globular protein
127-B Calmodulin regulates smooth m. contraction right ?
128-B lecithin
130- 😕
131-C
135-B
136-E

ASDA 1999 - Dental anat

127 - answer should be C mesiofacial groove

hey goodluck for exam , cindrella 🙂

 

[dentstudnit]

@ R 19

PRIMARY MANDIBULAR 1ST MOLAR is unique and PRIMARY MAXILLARY FIRST MOLAR somewhat resembles permanant max Premolar

 

[R19]

R 19 .. check Q . 141 dental anat december 1996 .. it has diagrams drawn and none of the teeth look like maxillary 1st molar.

Q- cervical margin of facial crwn surf of maxi. 1st M is describd as -
A-evenly convex 1ward apex
B-evenly convex toward occ.
C-irregularly convex towards apex ANSWER 😕
D- irr convex towards occ..


Route of transmission of poliovirus ?

@cindrella- just saw that qn that u were talkin bout with separate mo and do prep. in that diag ans is mand 1st premolar bcoz of very prominent transverse ridge.

 

[R19]

Just want to confirm one fact- in lateral excursion,condyle and mand movement on workin side is pure lateral movement(buccal) right?? i read in kaplan's explanations that the condylar and mand movement on workin side is Outward and backward (distofacial)???

Both perm mand LI and Max CI eruption time is 7-8 yrs...which one is first to erupt??

Apex of lingual root of max 1 molar is in line with facial groove or Mesiodistal midpoint(facial view)??

 

[Cindrella]

just one day left guys ! someone pls look into the 1999 paper and confirm...

 

[Cindrella]

👍 thank you

@cindrella- just saw that qn that u were talkin bout with separate mo and do prep. in that diag ans is mand 1st premolar bcoz of very prominent transverse ridge.

 

[Anaita]

A deficiency of which Amino acid cause albinism??
Tyrosine
Tryptophan
Arginine
Leucine
Alanine

 

[Anaita]

Which of the following are common methods of assessing GFR??
Inulin clearance
Creatinine clearance
Both of the above
Urine production
All of the above

 

[dentstudnit]

A deficiency of which Amino acid cause albinism??
Tyrosine-------ans
Tryptophan
Arginine
Leucine
Alanine

 

[dentstudnit]

Which of the following are common methods of assessing GFR??
Inulin clearance
Creatinine clearance
Both of the above-----ans
Urine production
All of the above

In clinical practice, however, creatinine clearance or estimates of creatinine clearance based on the serum creatinine level are used to measure GFR. Creatinine is produced naturally by the body (creatinine is a break-down product of creatine phosphate, which is found in muscle). It is freely filtered by the glomerulus, but also actively secreted by the peritubular capillaries in very small amounts such that creatinine clearance overestimates actual GFR by 10-20%. This margin of error is acceptable considering the ease with which creatinine clearance is measured.

 

[Cindrella]

Just want to confirm one fact- in lateral excursion,condyle and mand movement on workin side is pure lateral movement(buccal) right?? i read in kaplan's explanations that the condylar and mand movement on workin side is Outward and backward (distofacial)???

Both perm mand LI and Max CI eruption time is 7-8 yrs...which one is first to erupt?? Mandi CI

Apex of lingual root of max 1 molar is in line with facial groove or Mesiodistal midpoint(facial view)??facial groove

..

 

[Anaita]

Which of the following are common methods of assessing GFR??
Inulin clearance
Creatinine clearance
Both of the above-----ans
Urine production
All of the above

In clinical practice, however, creatinine clearance or estimates of creatinine clearance based on the serum creatinine level are used to measure GFR. Creatinine is produced naturally by the body (creatinine is a break-down product of creatine phosphate, which is found in muscle). It is freely filtered by the glomerulus, but also actively secreted by the peritubular capillaries in very small amounts such that creatinine clearance overestimates actual GFR by 10-20%. This margin of error is acceptable considering the ease with which creatinine clearance is measured.

Thanks...

 

[Anaita]

..

Thought you must have left for your exam, cindrella... all the best!!

 

[MilesToGo]

Hey guys, I got this question from the 1989 version of released exam questions. It's number 37 in dental anatomy.


The mandibular movement indicated in the drawing is

1. protrusive.
2. right lateral; working side.
3. left lateral; working side.
4. right lateral; non-working side.
5. left lateral; non-working side.

Attached is the image.

They claim that the answer is C, but I feel that that is incorrect. What do you guys think? I appreciate the help.